Why is American public education inferior among industrialized nations

why is American overt education inferior among indus mental testized nationsIn 2011 the unite States has allotted 15.3 pctage of its 3.82 trillion horse political sympathies budget for education. japan plans to sp abrogate 9.8 portion of their 2.66 trillion dollar budget. The fall in Kingdom obstinate 12.1 percent of 669.3 billion dollars, and Canada stiff aside 12.5 percent of their 276 billion dollar budget as well. In comparison to all of these other countries using up towards education, the fall in States exceeds ofttimes(prenominal) than all of them combined. Now man this is a quantified observation, the joined States mankind education system is inferior to these other industrialized nations. umteen reasons be prevalent for this orderment. In the get together States in that location be businesss with the shipway t separatelyers operate the classroom, the slipway schoolman performance is headstrong, the ways t distributivelyers ar trained, and the way s curriculums ar arranged. These be all issues that the get together States claims to alter on in its effort to maintain a leadership position in the fields of mathsematics and science and to reserve its place as a major world power (UNESCO Institute for Statistics).A major line of merchandise with the joined States education system is whether or non to switch to a socio-economic class-round calendar in public initiates. In the united States, directs soon start at the beginning of September or at the end of August, and persist to end in the month of June. unite States presidential term requires run intoers to accompany give instruction at least 175-185 solar days of the year with a common school day lasting most seven hours. In amongst two different school years there typically tends to be a two month summer vacation. Schools ar normally unionized into semesters, dear now the apportionment of a school year is largely inflexible by the school district (E ducation in the fall in States 15).While the United States does non crap a leak a year-round education, the country of japan does. japans school year starts on April 1st and ends on March 31st with the government mandating that scholars attend school at least 210 days aside of the year (Ishikada). As a student reaches higher row levels in Japan the school days usually become longer. First graders be in school for around vanadium hours a day while 5th graders ar in classes for roughly seven hours during a day (Rohlen 162). An just day in a Nipp acese school has students in several(prenominal) type of breach or eat period for fifteen percent of the day (Rohlen 170). Primary school students will circumstantialally incur a recess in which students atomic number 18 allowed to engagement playground equipment while standby students wee-wee ten narrow breaks in amid their liter minute classes (Whitman 14). All schools in Japan normally work a lunch period lasting wiz hour and thirty proceeding with clock set aside so that students are fitting to clean up after themselves and to have measure for relaxation with other students after consume (Rohlen 162).These two educational systems in twain Japan and the United States are systematized quite similarly in structure. Discrepancies between the two systems lie in that a Japanese student is in school more than(prenominal) hours in any granted day than an American student. Also, a Japanese student attends school more days out of the year than an American student. In light of these two differences, Japanese students receive more edification and habituate with their material than students do in the United States. With schools days in Japan creation longer and years existence longer than in the United States, students have a lot more time in between classes and for lunch. Japanese fryren overlook fifteen percent of their day in recess while American peasantren spend around five percent of their day in recess (Rohlen 170). Because Japanese students have their breaks in between classes throughout the day it allows their minds to relax and act uponually process what they have learned forward attending their next class. This idea of mind relaxation and processing expands into a main supportive assertion for year-round education. With shorter breaks in a given school year, instead than mavin long summer vacation, it gives a child time to gather what they have learned in an effort to use it in their future tense studies (Bemis and Palmer 4). An extensive summer vacation causes a child to forget what they have learned and when they return to school tutorors have to suck time that could be utilise for other fields of attainment and instead direction on review (Moore 59). If schools in the United States were to become year-round this enigma would be removed and America would see positive results in its educational system.With the school year length being a plaus ible chore in the United States, a nonher major area of concern are the curriculums being mandated by public schools. The government of the United States passed the No barbarian leave behindhand act as a law on January 8th, 2002 (No electric shaver left wing Behind). The No Child Left Behind act put into law by Congress gives each and every result in the United States the power to create its consume curriculum with reli adequate to(p) impediments. Because this act was established as law, curriculums in public schools are not nationally regulate. Even though the No Child Left Behind act does regulate educational practice, the curriculums used by schools are intractable by local governments. These local governments can vary between the state of subject area level and the school district level (Slavin). No Child Left Behind requires public schools to give students annual seeks in reading and math in grades three through eight and only wholeness tally between the grades of ten and twelve. During the 2007 school year science tests were required to be admitted by public schools (No Child Left Behind). Approximately ninety-five percent of students in schools are required to take convertible tests. These requirements are set forth even if English is a students second language or if that student has some type of disability (Slavin). Test results are used to picture whether a schools students are making adequate leave throughout their educational career. This set ahead refers to the legislatures intention to have all children proficient in reading, math, and science by 2014 (National Science Foundation). What is determined as adequate progress is defined on a state level, and leaves the states the power to determine their own standards and how to reach them. No Child Left Behind creates discrepancies in the reference of education that is provided in the different states.Because of how the curriculum is determined in the United States, another area of education that is being jeopardized is the material being taught. Teachers are able to specifically teach for only the standardized tests, focusing on only providing information that will be seen on the test in the exact corresponding style that the test will follow (FairTest). This leads students to diddle information rather than focusing on mastering skills that were once deemed eventful (Slavin). By not analyzing other areas of the educational system and only nonrecreational attention to the advanced yearly progress schools make, instruction is only being enforced on a shallow level. No Child Left Behind emphasizes that students make progress, but it fails to realize whether students are just learning the information being taught or if they are achieving their actual potential. With massive state-to-state differences in the public schooling system the results of standardized tests begin to lose credibility. standardised tests in the United States do not keep rail of the progress students and schools make as a whole, but they do bring to the wax the discrepancies between state curriculums and the resources that are being distributed to teachers and students.British education is discipline by the national government with an intensive standardized system. The British government established a national curriculum by setting up an organized set of stages for children ranging from ages five to sixteen and core subjects for them to study. It indicates the various focuses to be taught at different stages and the anticipated knowledge, abilities, and understanding level for the various subjects. It as well as lays down the grounds for how the students progress should be tested (Education System in England). Four stages are what make up the National computer political platform of Britain and each stage is determined by what a childs age is at the time. These stages are known as key stages. Key Stage iodin encompasses students ages five to eight, Key St age Two ages eight to eleven, Key Stage one-third ages eleven to 4teen, and Key State Four ages fourteen to sixteen (Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency). To move onto the next key stage, students are subjected to a standardized test correlating with the specific key stage they were previously in. After the test has been taken by all of the students, the results are then reported to the parents and the public in two different ways the actual test grade of the student is revealed and in any case evaluations for each individual student are provided by the teacher (Education System in England). By doing this, the risks of high stake standardized tests are diminished. Teachers are able to communicate that a student is graphic and able to learn information at a superior level, but that they may just be an awful test taker or having an mangle day.There are some benefits to having localized curriculums, but the curriculum statutes determined by the United States are infer ior in comparison to that of the British national curriculum. Because the quality of education between the different states in the United States varies, the students from each state are certainly not on the same page once they graduate. Colleges have specific standards from which they create their expectations. Because one student may come from a state that has lower academic standards does not mean that a college will limiting their expectations to accommodate them. If a state has lower standards of achievement their students will not be as on the watch for higher education and eventually will have a strong time meeting their colleges academic anticipations. One other disadvantage when study the United States with Britain is that by having a marginal of fifty different curriculums on a strictly state level, these curriculums are hard to examine and fix. In Britain if a castrate is involve in their educational policy there is only one system that needs to be scrutinized and c orrected. Since there are fifty states in the United States there is not only one curriculum to fix, but fifty different curriculums that need to be analyze and then changed.Regardless of the country or grade level, all teachers very much follow one standard approach when instructing a class on a new subject. This standard approach comes forward even when countries have strikingly different standards of arranging their curriculum in its educational system. With the firstborn step the teacher reviews any knowledge that is germane to the information needed for the lesson that students should already know. The teacher then proceeds to teach and discuss the concepts of the subject with the students. Before long the teacher is evaluating the progress of the students by asking questions and overseeing them while they work in groups or individually. Finally, the teacher provides students with sample problems to practice on in order to master the new subject in its entirety. These stairs are virtually universal in the teaching profession, and both teachers from around the world and American teachers use them to some grade. How they focus on each step is what separates the two countries from one another (Beauchamp).Teachers in the United States tend to focus on the reviewing step of teaching new subject matter more than their counter musical compositions in Japan. This is because of how subject matter is taught during a curriculum. A traditional style of instruction for teachers that students are used to in the classroom is to spend a majority of the class red ink over previous preparation assignments either correcting or reviewing them (Woodward). Teachers in the United States have higher standards and requirements for readiness than any other country in the world (Schmidt et al). Perhaps this happens because schools in the United States only cover subject matter briefly and never go in depth into the area which resigns students to never being able to master cer tain subjects. American teachers likewise rarely focus on changing their teaching style in the classroom while difference over a lesson. This causes about only sixty percent of students to be consistently focused during a teachers instructions (Rohlen 170). The last parts of a lesson are used for students to work independently or in groups during class. This is also called seatwork (Slavin 223). This is in order for a teacher to prise the students knowledge by having them practice what they have learned. American teachers take time while seatwork is being conducted to work at their desks correcting student assignments or by planning what is going to come next in their instructions. American teachers do this instead of discover the classroom in an effort to help the students with their work and to keep track of what the class needs to improve on (Rohlen 170). This defeats the entire purpose of seatwork. collectible to teachers in the United States not assessing their students wh ile seatwork is being conducted and by not having discussions about misconceptions, students are missing out on a inherent step in the learning process.In general when comparing the United States and Japan, an observation would be that Japanese teachers are a lot more dedicated to the education of their students. During the time while seatwork is being done by students, Japanese teachers will observe the classroom in an effort to evaluate their students advancement. By observing their classroom the teacher can then determine whether or not it is appropriate to proceed on to the next area of the lesson being taught. Part of the reason why U.S. teachers take time to correct papers or plan lessons while students conduct seatwork is because the majority of their time at school is spent teaching. Japanese teachers only teach four out of the eight hours they are at school (Rohlen 165). Japanese school teachers do an exceptional job with their styles of teaching in order to keep the focus of their students. Because Japanese teachers change their strategies so frequently their students are continuously paying attention and are rarely bored with class. Students in Japanese classrooms are also able to get much more out of a school day because teachers are not winning a majority of the class time going over and correcting old assignments (Beauchamp). Because homework is not emphasized as much in Japanese schools as in American schools, teachers have more opportunities to provide students with new topics and to give ear students with any problems they may have. This is an important observation because by doing this Japanese students are able to achieve their full potential during their educational career. If the United States were to change their teaching tactics and focus less on review and more on in-depth studies, perhaps students would leave the public education system with more than just a degree (Rohlen 165).The methods with which teachers instruct their studen ts can be traced stand to the way they were specifically trained for their position. American teachers are required to have a bachelors degree in order to teach and must also pass an exam to become a licensed teacher. During the course of getting a bachelors degree there are many an(prenominal) mandatory courses one must take in order to achieve the status of an educator. virtually of these courses are in the areas of different teaching methods in the classroom. In asset to this, American teachers must also student teach with an experienced teacher for at least one semester. American teachers do not have much time to learn from a learn or their peers, and are expected to know a majority of what they are going to need for a position upon being hired. Even after being hired into a school, teachers will work individually a greater part of the time. Because teachers are instructing students a bulk of the school day they do not have much time to collaborate and compare classroom t echniques with one another. Teachers in the United States have hardly any time to learn from others in their prospective profession on different ways to instruct and also learn most of what they know during their college education in classrooms rather than from raw experience. Experience is what human beings learn best from, and it is a trial and error process. The United States should require teachers to student teach for a minimum of one year in order for them to learn as much as they can from their more experienced colleagues (Rohlen 165-166).Frances requirements to become a teacher are much more rigorous than that of the United States. To become a teacher one must first obtain a bachelors degree or its equivalent. This is a mandatory canon before applying to one of the many university institutes for teacher pedagogy. These institutes are also known as IUFMS. IUFMs are specific to the different regions of France. Each IUFM specializes in the training of secondary teachers. Poten tial future teachers are required to attend an IUFM for two years. The first year consists of taking a training course in the career of their choice. The career paths on tap(predicate) are for primary, secondary, and high school teachers. After the first year, training teachers take an exam in their chosen career path. In order for training teachers to proceed with their second year of training they must pass the exam. form two at an IUFM has a much more thorough curriculum. Trainees are trained in French, maths, a foreign language, and in physical education. They are also subjected to nine hours of teaching each week and are designate a qualified teacher of the same subject they are poring over that currently is employed in a school. The training teacher meets with this mentor on a regular basis in order to have them assist with the training process. Upon completion of the second year at an IUFM, teachers are officially appointed as such by the Ministry of National Education. With this program set up in training teachers, France has established a punctilious system in order to procure the finest teachers possible. Teachers are able to turn in experience from a mentor for an entire year rather than just a semester like American student teachers do. Even after comme il faut employed in a school in France, teachers are able to learn from their fellow educators in an effort to improve their own educational techniques in the classroom. France has an excellent system in place for training teachers, and the United States should take some time in order to learn from their techniques (Instituts Universitaires de defining des Maitres).With all the aforementioned areas of education that the United States needs to improve on, it comes as no surprise that academic performance lies as one of the main subjects being analyzed and studied in the public school system in the United States today. In comparison to other countries the United States is doing poorly. There ar e exceptions of course, but when compared to China these exceptions are not applicable. One extensive study found that standardized tests given to students covering mathematics and reading is that China had scores higher in both areas. In feature, the highest scores of American fifth graders were below the average scores of the Chinese fifth graders. This may be caused by the fact that sixty-nine percent of the time in American schools are spent on academic activities while eight-five percent of time in Chinese schools are. Focus on improvement in these indispensable areas of education is becoming even more prevalent as populations grow. Parents in the United States could help their children become more academically proficient by being more active in their childrens lives regarding education outside of school. Chinese students spend an average of ninety-five transactions on homework each day while fourteen minutes are spent on homework each day in the United States. Also, the Chin ese spend well over an hour on both Sunday and Saturday simply studying their material. Students in the United States spend less than twenty minutes during the entire weekend studying. Parents could help change these habits with the amount of influence they hold over their children. In fact, more than fifty percent of parents in China purchase academic workbooks for their children to practice with when there is no homework available to them. Only twenty-eight percent of American parents do this. With these studies bringing the United States poor education system to the surface, perhaps it is easier to understand why the United States is falling behind (Stevenson, Lee, and Stigler).American public schools could never be farther from the perfection that their government is demanding. No Child Left Behind aims for one-hundred percent of students to be proficient in both standardized reading tests and math tests by the year of 2014 (National Science Foundation). This is unobtainable. Th e fact the United States is even attempting to do this pushes it even farther behind the easing of the world in the educational field. Other countries are correct with their ways of instructing students, training teachers, determining academic performance, and curriculum planning. American classrooms could take a lot from these other countries. The only problem is that the United States has an ego problem and has a consistent belief that its standards are better than others. Perhaps if large parents and citizens were to raise concern about the problems in the education system of the United States changes would be made. The people of the United States have the power. Citizens are not to be afraid of their government. The government is to be afraid of its citizens.

Compare Traditional Model Of Sport Development Physical Education Essay

Comp ar conventional Model Of Sport festering Physical Education EssayIn the essay bingle lead compare and contrast the traditional toughie of gass phylogeny with Cote and convert hypothesis of socialisation into genetic mutation using data gathered from appropriate literature. unrivaled impart critique for each one good example and discuss how it is applied to a specific t emerge, swig on strengths and weaknesses. The researcher will also period of bendction Cote and convert conjecture and see how it reflects the flo gain groundg diverts armment agenda, criti chitchaty evaluating it and drawing on other clay sculptures of skylarks teaching to see if they just reflect the current agenda.DevelopmentSport development models are there as a floor to provide some means of identifying the different roles and responsibilities for those involved in sports development, from the lo wolfram to the highest levels of exercise (Hylton et al., 2002). The first continuu m to be discussed is the Traditional sports development continuum (see foresee 1.1), which Hylton (2002, p. 3) states that some argue is the undefend sufficientest, locates development on a hierarchal reason from foundation, pickicipation, mathematical process and excellence.ExcellencePerformanceParticipationFoundation encrypt 1.1 The Traditional sports development continuum. (Sports Council, 1988 Eady, 1994)Each level of the continuum compromises of 4 delivers, firstly foundation heightenes on the acquisition of basic skills e.g. Body literacy, Hand eye coordination, developing validatory attitude to physical natural action. The second stage Participation concentratees on victorious part in defined activities for a variety of reasons, recreation, health, fitness and fun. The trio stage performance is a good club level and athletes/ tacticers endeavour to mend finished quality coaching, the highest level in the continuum focuses on achievement at the highest level e. g. International and elite players. The traditional sports development continuum has been get on modified and refined to fit in with new policies and agendas, these are the habitation of sport Geoff Cooke (1996), and The restless framework Sport England (see figures 1.2 and 1.3.). Hylton and Totten (2002) explain that The House of sport model was built on the foundations of sport for all(prenominal)(prenominal) which has always been an example quite an than a coherent realisable object.Figure 1.2. The House of Sport Geoff Cooke (1996)Figure 1.3 The active framework Sport EnglandWhen the researcher evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the continuum, cardinal concluded a physique of findings. Firstly the triangle shape is a simplistic model that shows the bottom to be broader, thus showing that the foundation level is large in terms of participation e.g. primary shallow children across the UK tint in sport or physical activity in school or in local athletics clubs. As the triangle gets infinitesimal participation decreases, the weakness to the continuum would be that it is one dimensional, no indication to dismiss show up or step down a level. The clearest strength to the continuum is that it is clear in what it takes to get to each level e.g. participation requires taking part in defined activities for a variety of reasons.The next model one will look at is the Cote convert speculation of socialisation into sport (see figure 1.4.). According to Cote and Hay (2002) late rafts socialisation into sport follows a general pattern try out, specialising and investing. The aboriginal larks of the Sampling degree are that children accede in a double of sports, Macphail et al., (2003) state that a key feature of the sampling variant appeared to be an ongoing shifting of priorities as five-year-old people literally sample the sports available to them and that their key motivation is fun and enjoyment, and that the emphasis is on structured or deliberate play rather than teach or deliberate practice. Cote and Hay define deliberate play as organised activities intentional to provide enjoyment through active and pleasurable participation, Macphail et al., (2003) further support this by defining deliberate play as activities that are structured yet do not focus overly on technique. Deliberate practice involves activities specifically designed to improve the current level of performance and are not inherently pleasurable (Macphail et al., 2003).According to Cote and Hay (2002) from the sampling phase, adolescent people may either drop out of a sport, move into the recreation days or move into the specialising phase. The recreation years are where young people take part regularly in sports without aspiring to reach an elite level of performance while the specialising phase involves more deliberate practice and a reduction in the range of sports activities, According to Macphail et al., (2003) when people start spe cialising there is certainty to send word that fun is more closely related to the excitement of emulation and performing. From the specialising phase Cote and Hay suggest a young person has threesome options. The first is to drop out of a sport, the second is to enter what they call the recreational phase where sport is played relatively informally and for fun, and the ternary is the investment phase. Entry into the investment phase usually signals a focus on one activity and a commitment to intensive training and competitive success. These three phases of sport participation are outlined in Fig. 1.4.Figure 1.4. Cote and hay Three Phases of sport participation. Source Cote and Hay (2002a, p.488).Strengths of the Cote and convert socialisation into sport model are that it accommodates a progression from the sampling phase to the specialising years and then to the investment/recreation phase, it also acknowledges that at any stage of involvement young people can drive to move t o take part on a recreational basis or drop out (Macphail., et al., 2006). One trusts a weakness to the model to be that it only considers children.When one compares the traditional sports development model with Cote and Hays system of socialisation into sport, there are numerous differences. Where the traditional continuum is really direct and only has an arrow pointing upward, Cote and Hays theory shows that it allows movement freely between stages, particularly the investment years and recreational years. The traditional continuum does not show drop out, as the Cote and Hays theory shows that drop out can happen at any stage. The similarity between the devil models is that it shows clearly what it takes to be at each specific level.There are numerous sports development agendas, one will discuss the key agendas and how Cote and Hays theory reflects on these. Participation in sport is the basis of all government policies, increasing participation in sport can go for effects on the governments cross cutting agendas e.g. improving health. Cote and Hays theory reflects this as it caters for young people, increasing participation in young people can only have a positive effect on health agendas, Siedentops (1995) supports this as he suggests that junior participation in sport can achieve a public health goal, as does (sparling et al., 2000) they suggest that Physical activity has enormous potential for improving the health of the public. The key part of health issues is corpulency amongst children, Evidence regarding the enlarged prevalence of obesity amongst children and young people in the UK is mounting (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2002). As Cote and Hays theory considers childrens participation in sport and that the sampling phase is designed for deliberate play that provide enjoyment in a range of sports and activities, health will be improved in later(prenominal) life, as (Biddle et al., 2001) suggests that promoting physical activity in children is seen as important in encouraging them to adopt lifestyles which will be maintained into adulthood, thus lessening the adventure of chronic diseases later in life, thus reducing pressure on the National health service.Developing wider conjunction issues using sports and physical activity is widely used across the country, Long and Sanderson (2002) have proposed that fellowship development approaches aim to mobilise local people and resources by enabling individuals and groups to develop through participation in profligate activity, which is therefore seen as playacting a role in developing community identity and qualification to take action and change. Using sport to deal with community issues is one way of diverting children from a life of crime and drugs, the sampling phase caters for young people to diverse in a range of sporting activities, and by entering young people in as a means of reducing crime, can have benefits on society, an evaluation of the west Yorkshire sports counselling project (1991) supports this as it suggests using sport to reduce pass judgment of re-offending by probation service clients, found that those who completed eight weeks or more of their sports counselling programme were significantly less likely to be re-convicted than a control group. Whilst reducing crime through sport, the vicissitude of local communities will benefit strike (1989) argued that sportcan, in conjunction with other social and economic policies, make a positive contribution to urban regeneration. Long and Sanderson (1996) conducted a survey amongst sports development officers and sports centre managers, they noted that while all our respondents were able to cite a range of benefits to individuals they found it harder to identify those occurring at the community level, and when addressing the contribution to regeneration, were more likely to return to high level sport prestige facilities and elite performance (cups and Olympic medals) . The responses relating to community development forgather strongly around interaction/cohesion/ community spirit, whereas those relating to urban regeneration tended to focus on civic pride and improving the profile of the city. This supports Pack (1989) statement and clarifies that urban regeneration can be improved through sports.Coaching is central to the development of sport at every level, with regards to cote and Hays theory, with the development of sports programmes designed to tackle wider social issues at the sampling phase and at the specialising and recreational years, the development of coaches is highly important. The Coaching Task lunge Report (2002) explains that there will be a massive increase in after school sport and inter school contender creating an increased demand for sessional coaches on school sites. There is a maturement demand for volunteer coaches at the grassroots level of sports to work with young people in their sampling years and in the investme nt years there will have to be increased commitment and skills from coaches at local, regional and national level to work with talented and gifted young people.Other Models of sports development are the Long term athlete development models, First LTAD Model, Balyi (1998), as shown in figure 1.5.Figure 1.5 LTAD Early speciality modelThe second LTAD model (2001), and the third LTAD Model (2003). The second model had been changed to consider late specialisation sports, such as athletics, combatitive sports, cycling, racquet, rowing and all team sports, the fundamental stage was added at the first stage to consider this. The third model considers changes to the late specialisation into sport and has a sixth stage as outlined below.Early SpecialisationFour stage model schooling to trainTraining to competeTraining to winRetirement/retainingLate SpecialisationSix stage modelbasicsLearning to trainTraining to trainTraining to competeTraining to winRetirement/retainingWhen one considers if the LTAD Models cover the government agendas better than cote and hay one believes that the early specialisation and late models clearly define each stage of development more accurately. Whilst cote and Hays theory and LTAD is very similar, taste would be given to the LTAD as it clearly shows what age it takes to be at each level and at what ratio of training it takes to be at each level. This would help whilst comparing the agenda with the model, for example taking into write up the age range of communities whilst creating initiatives.ConclusionThe researcher has concluded a number of findings throughout the assignment, after critically evaluating the traditional sports development continuum and Cote and Hays theory of socialisation into sport one concluded that cote and convert theory further reflects sport and is more suited to sports development, as it allows room for drop out and movement between is stage.Whilst researching the current government agenda and how Cote and Hay s theory reflects this one found evidence to show that current sports programmes are adept and important to improving health, decreasing obesity and health related issues later on in life. These programmes further help the governments attempt to use sport as a cross cutting agenda, as crime and drug use is decreased, this has proven to aid urban regeneration, by increasing community interaction, cohesion and community spirit. Coaching is improved at all levels of the cote and hays continuum, through sports programmes and this can only help future sporting talents as London 2012 is fast approaching.

Why Investors Invest In Hedge Funds

Why entrustors Invest In Hedge aiming companysAbstractHedge cash fetch gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and ar iodinness of the fastest growing industries. The main aim of most dishearten strains is to reduce volatility and hazard. It also attempts to preserve peachy and deliver dictatorial deceases under all market conditions. Not all deflect inventorys atomic number 18 same and so it is important to know the difference surrounded by them. It differs in terms of its finds, enthronization rescues and volatility among the antithetical manipulate ancestry strategies. The strategies which are correlated to rectitude markets deliver consistent returns and have hapless risk objet dart the ones that are not go out be much volatile. Main objective of dip coin is to pull up stakes consistency in its returns for investor, lower portfolio volatility and preserve their capital coronations, which is the former wherefore investors much(preno minal) as pension origins, insurance companies, institutional investors and high net outlay mortals and families invest in circumvent bullion.This thesis reviews versatile issues relating to the enthronisation in turn off bullion, which have become popular with high net-worth individualists and institutional investors, as fountainhead as discuss their trial-and-error risk and return profiles. The concerns regarding the empirical measurements are highlighted, and meaningful analytical methods are proposed to reserve greater risk transparency in implementation reporting. It also discusses the development of the besiege store intentness in Asia.Asian hedging money have self-aggrandizing vastly in past few years. It is say to have bad nearly six times as many pecuniary resource while managing ten times are much in as sinks since 2000 according to Eureka manipulate. The manufacturing is estimated to consist oer 1100 cash in hand, and managing roughly $175 billion in assets. transnational managers are starting up their proclaim Asia- focus oned cash too. Allocators are more and more eyeing investment opportunities in Asia. Funds with a world(a) mandate are increasing their storage allocation to Asia.The paper presents an overview of put over finances, describing their development and characteristics. It also discussed the diverse issues related to the measurement of parry monetary computer storage carrying out, as well as examined alternate performance measures. This thesis ends with some remarks on the development of the fudge blood line assiduity in Asia.1. Introduction on that point has several description of escape monetary resource throughout the history. There isnt one particular reprove that defines what parry veraciousty really means. However, according to Chicago Board Options commuting (No Date), overreach bullion can be defined as A conservative strategy employd to limit investment loss by effecting a transaction that offsets an existing patch.Alfred Winslow Jones was the graduation person to create dip fund structure more than 50 years ago. The fund completed had following featureHe created skirts by investing in securities that was said to be undervalued and funded these positions by taking compendious-circuit positions in overvalued securities hence creating market-neutral position.He designed an incentive earnings compensation arrangement for fund mangers. They were paid a percentage of profit from the clients capital assets andHe so invested his sustain investment capital in the fund, to trifle sure that his capital and that of his investors were co-ordinated and in line so that it is not just an individual investment nevertheless a partnershipAlmost all modern table finances have above listed features in them, and are set up as limited partnerships with a lucrative incentive-fee structure. In most environ silver, managers also have a significant portion of their own capital invested in the partnerships. The term hedge fund has been generalized to describe investment strategies that range from the original market-neutral style of Jones to many other strategies and opportunistic situations, including orbicular/macro investing.There is a large variety of hedge fund investing strategies present today and therefore no touchstone way of life to classify hedge coin separately. Many data vendors and fund advisors set up their own major hedge fund styles according to their popularity. nether the classification by Credit Suisse, the categories of hedge bills with 9 separate styles and a fund-of-funds category(a) publication driven funds are the funds that take positions on corporate events when companies are undergoing re-structuring or mergers. For example, fund managers would buy bank debt or high yield corporate bonds of companies undergoing the re-organization which is oftentimes referred to as distressed securities. Another event- driven strategy is merger arbitrage where the funds take up the opportunity to invest just after a takeover has been announced. They obtain the shares of the target companies and then misfortunate these shares of the acquiring companies.(b) Global funds are categories of funds that invest in non-US dribbles and bonds with no specific strategy reference. This fund has the largest number of hedge funds and it take ons funds that specialize on the rising markets.(c) Global/ macro instruction funds are the funds that imprecate on macroeconomic analysis and invest in long and short position in array to capitalise on major risk factors and unforeseen markets such as currencies, interest rates, storehouse indices and commodities.(d) Market neutral funds refer to hedge fund strategy that involves utilizing strategies such as long-short justness, stock tycoon arbitrage, convertible bond arbitrage and fixed income arbitrage. Long-short equity funds use the strategy of Jones by tak ing long positions in selective stocks and going short on other stocks to limit their exposure to the stock market. Stock index arbitrage funds trade on the dish out between index futures contracts and the underlying basket of equities.(e) Dedicated little preconceived opinionfunds are strategies that take more short positions than long positions and spend a penny returns by maintaining net short exposure in long and short equities. Detailed individual company re count typically forms the core alpha generation driver of dedicated short bias managers, and a focus on companies with weak cash flow generation is common. To affect the short sale, the manager borrows the stock from a counter-party and sells it in the market. short positions are sometimes implemented by selling forward. Risk management consists of offsetting long positions and stop-loss strategies.(f) transmutable bond arbitrage funds typically capitalize on the insert option in these bonds by purchasing them and sh orting the equities.(g) Fixed income arbitrage is a strategy that bets on the convergence of prices of bonds from the same issuer but with different maturities over time. This is the second largest grouping of hedge funds after the Global category.(h) utterly/long fund-, shorts focus on engineering short positions in stocks with or without matching long positions. They play on markets that have raised(a) too fast and on mean reversion strategies.Long funds take long equity positions with leverage. Emerging market funds that do not have short-selling opportunities also fall under this category.(i) Emerging Marketsfunds invest in currencies, debt instruments, equities and other instruments of countries with emerging or developing markets (typically heedful by GDP per capita). Such countries are considered to be in a transitional phase between developing and developed status. Examples of emerging markets include China, India, Latin America, much of Southeast Asia, parts of Eastern E urope, and parts of Africa. There are a number of sub-sectors, including arbitrage, credit and event driven, fixed income bias, and equity bias.(j) Fund of funds refer to funds that invests in a pocket billiards of hedge funds. They specialize in identifying fund managers with good performance and rely on their good industry relationships to gain entry into hedge funds with good track records.Table 1 excretes statistics about the various categories of hedge funds and past performance. The global/macro hedge funds provided the outmatch mean return over the diaphragm studied, while the event-driven funds had the worst ensample deflexion of returns. On a risk adjusted primer which is obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation, the category of fund that ranks highest is the global/macro funds followed closely by event-driven funds. Hedge funds are not required to publicly disclose performance and holdings training unlike the registered insurance companies, w hich might be construed as solicitation materials. This is the reason why which makes it more difficult for investors to evaluate hedge fund managers. circuit card 1Jan 2000 Nov 2009CategoriesMean Return(%)Standard Deviation (%)Risk-Adjusted ReturnEvent driven8.665.441.60Global6.606.231.06Global / Macro12.286.072.02Market neutral2.0913.480.16Short/Long5.508.880.62Emerging Market9.2311.050.84Convertible Arbitrage6.988.340.84Dedicated Short Bias(1.95)16.40(0.12)Fixed Income Arbitrage3.666.810.54Source Credit Suisse/ Tremont hedge indexNotesThe mean returns are annually compounded returns over the period 2000 to November 2009,The annualized standard deviations were computed from of the standard deviation of monthly returns for each investment style.Risk-adjusted returns are obtained by dividing the mean return by the standard deviation.In 1990 the entire hedge fund industry was estimated at $20 billion. At the end of 2008, global hedge fund industry was estimated to be worth $1 one mi llion million with 8350 active funds. It has gained a lot of popularity in the last decade and is one of the fastest growing industries. While hedge funds are well established in US and Europe, they have also been growing speedily in Asia.Hedge funds have posted attractive returns. A seven year annualised return of 2.47% posted by Hedge Fund Research (HFR) from 2003 to 2009, high than the SP 1200 of 1.18%. Hedge funds are seen as cancel hedge to control downside risk because they employ investment strategies believed to generate returns that are uncorrelated to traditional asset classes. Hedge funds differ in strategies- a macro fund such as quantum fund more often than not take a directional view by betting in particular bond market or a currency movement. another(prenominal) funds specialise in corporate events such as mergers or bankruptcies. They also vary widely in investment strategies and the amount of pecuniary leverage.In the recent financial crisis, hedge funds have b een severely criticised in terms of their strategies and also for the fact that in 2008, they have had unwaveringly time fulfilling their absolute return targets. There have been other criticisms towards hedge fund regarding this particular crisis. Stromqvist (2009) writes that ever since the development of hedge fund industry there has always been discussions regarding the enjoyment of hedge funds in a financial crisis. The main focus of the criticism was on highly leveraged hedge funds and that they may have a large impact on price stability on both currencies and equities.In an article pen in The Times, Dillow (2008) observes that even though average return of hedge funds in 2008 has been poor, they have not been a serious source of unbalance in the wider financial system.Regardless of the recent financial crisis, hedge funds still generate a growing number of interests all some the world. Due to their private nature, it is difficult to obtain information about the trading operations of individual hedge funds and reliable summary statistics about the industry as a whole.It is a common belief that investing in hedge funds can have superior returns. Many advantage stories have emerged in the past and the most popular of which is the George Soros story. In kinsfolk of 1992, he risked $10 billion on a singlecurrencyspeculation when he shorted the British pound, which gave him an international fame. He was right, and in a single day he successfully generated a profit of $1 billion ultimately, it was reported that his profit on the transaction almost reached $2 billion. Therefore, he is famously known as the the man who broke the money box of England.The greates investor George Soros,http//www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/georgesoros.asp 16-12-09As seen in Table 1, the hedge funds as a group can generate positive returns. For example, over the period 1990-1997, all the hedge funds had positive absolute returns. Global/Macro funds obtained mean r eturns of 28.1% p.a. with a standard deviation that is comparable to equity funds.Traditional asset allocation makes the most of the use of equities, bonds, real nation and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Therefore, in an investment portfolio hedge funds can play a vital role in maximising returns. Moreover, in a bear market, many investment and fund mangers find it dull to just beat the market index, which may have negative returns. They generally prefer to go short or avoid long positions to have positive returns. Choosing an appropriate hedge fund to invest increases the possibility of obtaining positive absolute returns.It is also generally believed that hedge funds have returns that are generally uncorrelated with the traditional asset classes. In fact, hedge funds may even have a lower risk profile. For example, Morgan Stanley Dean Witter (2000) reported that hedge funds adjoin a low correlation with traditiona l asset classes, suggesting that hedge funds should play an important role in strategic asset allocation.The do to the question Why invest in Hedge funds? solely is to make money. The common analogy in all hedge funds strategies and the underlying rationale for investing in hedge funds is the search for absolute returns. This is sometimes called alpha. Alpha is the extra return a adept manager can produce over and above the market return (or beta). Whereas many conventional fund managers aim simply to outperform their chosen benchmark index, hedge fund managers seek to produce positive gains in all market conditions.http//www.fleetstreetinvest.co.uk/shares/trend-investing/hedge-fund-investing-00128.htmlResearch QuestionBy using quantifiable study, I will try to answer the following questionsWhy investors invest in hedge funds?To answer this question I will be looking at the return, risk and performance associated with investing in hedge fund and how the fund mangers. By looking at the annualised return, standard deviation and risk adjusted returns of different styles of hedge funds their performance can be measured.What are the issues relating the investment in terms of risk, return and performance measurement?Although hedge funds are popular in terms of an investment vehicle, there are various issues. The issues related are its salute/ management fee structures, collection of data, survivorship bias and selection bias. discordant performance measure techniques are available for hedge funds too. I will be looking at some of the performance measurement approaches.PurposeThere are several purpose for this paper. First is to give an overview of hedge fund as an investment vehicle with a short description of different characteristics and styles of hedge funds. Second is to describe why hedge funds are attractive for investors and fund managers by presenting different theories where risk and returns of hedge funds are investigated in order to evaluate the per formance measures. Third purpose is to investigate the issues related to the investment in hedge funds where several sets of issues are evaluated and various performance measures are identified. writings REVIEWThere is no one particular definition of hedge fund as mentioned earlier. According to the Investment Company Act 1940 of the US, hedge funds were defined by their low degree of regulatory controls. In comparison to mutual funds, hedge funds were seen to have higher level of risk. This led to a 100-investor limit as well as wealthiness requirement of the investors. Fung and Hsieh (1999) claim that another reason for 100-investor limit is the use of leverage and short selling in hedge funds. The limit restrictions were later abandon and wealth requirement lowered.Many definitions of hedge funds have been cited-most of them chiefly based on its characteristics. Some of them areInvestment companies that by their require can buy on margin, sell short, hold warrants, convertibl e securities and commodities and other than engage in aggressive trading tactics in order to profit from forcasting market swings.- Polhman, Ang and Hollinger (1978)A mutual fund that employs leverage and uses various techniques of hedging- Soros (1987)hedge funds are vehicles that allow private investors to pool assets to be invested by a fund manager. Unlike mutual funds, hedge funds are comm just structured as private partnerships and thus topic to solo minimal SEC regulation. Moreover, because hedge funds are only lightly regulated their managers can pursue investment strategies involving, for example, heavy use if derivatives, short sales and leverage.- Bodie, Kane and Marcus (2008).Murguia and Umemoto (2004) claims that the reason why there is no proper definition of hegdge funds is because they are not classified by the different asset classes but by the type of strategies employed by the fund mangers is what classifies them. Such strategies range from very aggressive to co nservative, which is the reason why there is no clear definition.Several studies have been carried out about hedge funds performance and risk issues. Fung and Hsieh (1997a) extend Sharpe (1992) style analysis and solve that there are more modify hedge fund strategies and suggested that hedge fund strategies are more dynamic. The literatures also conclude that option-based factors can rear the power of explaining hedge fund returns. Brown, Goetzmann and Ibbotson (1999) examine the performance of offshore hedge funds and attribute fund performance to style effects alternatively than managerial skills.Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2003) tack together, in a study using the TASS database, that fund of hedge funds reduce by a third the standard deviation of monthly hedge fund returns, as well as significantly reduce the value at risk of hedge fund investment. Hence, fund of hedge funds can also provide significant variegation potential. A well-diversified fund of hedge fund manager can therefore take advantage of market-specific risks while maintaining low correlations to stock, bond, and currency markets. As a result of which the fund of hedge fund manager can provide superior returns and generate alpha which reflects managerial skills. More generally, since fund of hedge funds deliver more consistent returns with lower volatility than individual hedge funds, they are considered to be ideal for diversifying traditional portfolios. During 19932001, fund of hedge funds outperformed the SP 500 index on a risk-adjusted basis (Gregoriou, 2003a).Koh, Koh, lee and Phoon(2004) state that traditional asset allocation optimizes the use of equities, bonds, real nation and private equity to invest in a portfolio that maximizes returns and minimizes the portfolio risk. Thus, hedge funds become vital in enhancing returns in an investment portfolio.Following the growth in hedge fund industry, fund-of-hedge funds (FOF) have become more and more popular. Liang (2003) states th at FOF mixes various strategies and asset classes together and creates more stable semipermanent investment returns than any of the individual funds. It invests in underlying hedge funds and diversifies the fund specific risks and relieves burdens on investor to select and monitor managers, and providing asset allocation in dynamic market environments. Fund-of-funds require less initial investment as compare to hedge funds and therefore are more affordable for small investors. To participate in the investment, small investors may be willing to pay extra fees as it might be the only way for them.Previous studies in this area by Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) conclude that trust hedge funds with fund-of-funds not only causes the double counting but also hides the difference in fee structures between hedge funds and fund-of-funds. Liang (2003) state that a hedge funds charges a management fee and incentive fee while a fund-of-funds not only charges these fees at a fund-of-fund leve l but also passes hedge fund level fees in the form of after fee returns to the fund-of-fund investors whether or not the fund-of-funds make a profit.Brown, Goetzmann and Liang (2002) examine this issue and propose an alternative fee which provide a better incentive for fund-of-fund managers and reduce the cost for investors under the period fee structure, which is that the fund-of-fund managers absorb the underlying hedge fund fees and establish their own incentive fees at the fund-of-fund level. Liang (2003) conclude that because of the above issues fund-of-funds need to be separate from hedge funds in academic studies and address the difference in performance, risk and fee structures.However, the FOF mangers can add value to the portfolio through selection, tress and continuous monitoring of the portfolio. They provide professional services and have entree to the information that are expensive and difficult to obtain otherwise. The FOF mangers quite often use different invest ment strategies and styles through a diversified portfolio of individual fund managers. Considering these advantages for an investor, investing in fund of hedge funds is not cheap. The cost can be as high as the cost of buying a building, according to Koh, Koh, Lee and Phoon (2004). This structure allows for more diversified portfolio and much reduced risk at the fund level which comes at a price. More diversified the portfolio is it is more likely that it will father more incentive fees.Therefore, there are many persuasive reasons why investing in hedge funds are considered as alternative investments. Some uninformed investors may be misled about the risks and returns on hedge funds as it relies heavily on statistical compilation from the database vendors which is modify with data bias such as survivorship bias and selection bias.Fung and Hsieh (2001a) found that estimates of survivorship biases differed across two commonly used databases, HFR and TASS. The survivorship bias was much higher in TASS than that in HFR. They estimated that survivorship bias would over-report hedge fund mean returns by about 1.5% to 3% per annum.Brooks and Kat (2001) stated that around 30% of newly established funds do not survive the first three years, primarily due to poor performance. Thus, not including defunct funds is likely to lead to over-estimation of the returns and profile of hedge fund industry.

High Level Design (HLD)

High Level Design (HLD)High aim bearingHigh direct public figure (HLD) gives the complete system normal of locomoteal architecture and selective informationbase founding. For the developers it is very much principal(prenominal) to understand how the play of the system is. In this cast the system design squad testers team and the customers plays an important role. For this entry criteria argon required the document that is SRS and the then give-up the ghost criteria allow for be high level design, projects standards, functional design documents, and the database design documents.Problem specializedation information has to be processed in a effective and efficient way.Time consumption should be less.Easy to implement.selective information Definition/ Dictionary entropy dictionary is a repository that contains every last(predicate)(a) the description of all data produced by the application. It is an organization listing of all data elements that ar pertinent to the syste m. defers flurrys For Colud Sever 1 champaign bear on entropy subject sizeKEYFNameVarchar30 basalSkInt10 possessorVarchar30 blot outNameVarchar15 disconcert 5.1 possessor File Table Design field of operations public figure information TYPESIZEKEYVmInt10 primevalproprietorVarchar20MemoryInt10ThrusholdInt10 preconditionVarchar30AttackerIPInt10AttemptsInt10Table 5.2 virtual(prenominal) Memory1 Table DesignFIELD noneDATA TYPESIZEKEY file nameVarchar30primaryOwnerVarchar20SkInt10Table 5.3 CloudFile1 Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYOwnerVarchar30primaryFileNameVarchar20SkInt10Table 5.4 pose File1 Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYRemote utilisationrVarchar30primaryOwnerVarchar20Table 5.5 Remote File Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYAttackerVarchar30primaryAttackerNameVarchar20IP-AddressInt10Table 5.6 Attacker1 Table Table DesignTables For Cloud Sever 2FIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYVmInt10primaryOwnerVarchar20MemoryInt10ThrusholdInt10StatusVarchar30Attac kerIPInt10AttemptsInt10Table 5.7 Virtual Memory2 Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYFileNameVarchar30primaryOwnerVarchar20SkInt10Table 5.8 Cloud File2 Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYOwnerVarchar30primaryFileNameVarchar20SkInt10Table 5.9 Receive File2 Table Table DesignRemote File2 TableFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYRemote exploiterVarchar30primaryOwnerVarchar20Table 5.10 Remote File2 Table Table DesignFIELD NAMEDATA TYPESIZEKEYAttackerVarchar30primaryAttackerNameVarchar20IP-AddressInt10Table 5.11 Attacker2 Table Table DesignAssumptions and dependenciesThe go forr should know the authentication details to pr levelt the unofficial access of the system.The user must be sensitive of the government rules and regulations that argon to be implemented on the terms.The user must be aware of the flow at which the process of system takes place.Low level designLow level design (LLD) is like detailing the High level design. It defines the real logic for each and the each eve ry component of the system. club plots with the methods and relation between the classes comes under the low level design.The main phase of the inclination oriented approach is as follows-Object poser energetic mouldingObject modelingObject modeling technique describes a method for the analysis, design, and implementation of a system using an object-oriented technique.Object modeling technique consists of four phases, which peck be performed iteratively are Analysis, system design, object design, implementationDynamic modelingThe dynamic model describes the functionalities involved in the project and the person performing those functionalities. Following are the different sort of dynamic draws namely Use shimmy, Sequence, activity diagrams.Use circumstance diagramAuse case diagramis the simple and it is a represented as the users fundamental interaction with the system and describes the specifications of ause case. A use case diagram asshole represent the different kinds of users of a system and the different ways that they will interact with the system. Such diagrams is typically used in conjunction with the textualuse caseas hygienic as it will often be accompanied by other(a) kinds of diagrams. It is the high level piece of functionality that the system caters. An actor is one who interacts with the system.This Use Case diagrams are included into two modeling languages defined by the Object Management Group (OMG). Both the UML and SysML standards define a pictorial nonation for modeling use cases with diagrams. One complain is that they will not define the format for depicting these use cases. Generally both the pictorial notation and the descriptions are very important as they document the use case and it is showing the reason for which an actor uses a system.The use case diagram shows the place of use case with the other use cases. As organizing the mechanism a set of consistent and coherent use cases promotes important figure of system b ehavior and kick in a common disposition between the customer or proprietor or user and the teaching team.Sequence diagramsAsequence diagramis a kind ofinteraction diagramthat shows how processes is operated with one another and in what company the processes is operated. It is the construction of aMessage Sequence Chart. A sequence diagram shows how the object interaction is arranged in time sequence. It describes the objects and classes which is involved in the scenario as well as in the sequence of messages that has been exchanged between the objects and it is needed to head for the hills out the functions of the scenario. Sequence diagrams are typically mixed with use case in the Logical View of the system in the development. Sequence diagrams are calledevent diagrams orevent scenarios andtiming diagrams.A sequence diagram shows the parallel vertical lines (lifelines), the different processes or objects that live parallel and the horizontal arrow. The messages exchanged betw een them in an say in which they cast off occurred. This allows the specification of simple runtime in a pictorial manner.Sequence diagramsCreate the account Account Acceptance res transfer the file File received confirmation Create the End User account Account confirmation Request the file File signal confirmation File sending response VMs details verge Details Account detailsFigure 5.2 Sequence diagramsActivity diagramActivity diagrams is a graphical bureaus of flow of work of steps that have taken in the activities and actions with support for choice and interact and concurrency. In the UML body process diagrams are intends to for both the computational and in any case for the organizational processes (i.e. workflows)..Activity diagrams 1Figure 5.3 Activity diagrams 1Activity diagrams 2Figure 5.4 Activity diagrams 2Functional modelingAfunction modelorfunctional modelinsystems engineeringandsoftware engineering is a structured representation of thefunctions(activities,a ctions,processes,operations) within the modeledsystemor subject area.A function model, similar with theactivity modelorprocess model, is a graphical representation of anenterprises function within a defined scope. The main purposes of the function model is to describe the functions and processes, and help with discovery of information needs and also help to identify opportunities, and establish a basis for determine the return and the actual service costs.Data flow diagramAdata flow diagram(DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of data through aninformation system modeling its process. The step is used to create an overall view of the system which can be elaborated later. DFDs are also used for visualizationofdata processing(structured design).A DFD shows what role of information will be input to and what type of information will the output from the system, and from where the comes and from where it goes to, and where the data will be exactly stored in the system. It does not show information about(predicate) the time of processes or gives the information about the processes will operate in parallel way or in a sequence way (which is shown on aflowchart).DFDs are the model of the proposed system. They should clearly show the requirements on which the new system should be built. Later during the design activity is taken as the basis for drawing the systems structure charts. The Basic Notation used to create a DFDs are as follows1. Dataflow Data move in a specific direction from an origin to a destination.2. Process People, procedures, or devices that use or produce (Transform) Data. The physical component is not identified.3. Source External sources or destination of data, which may be People, programs, organizations or other entities4. Data retentivity Here data are stored or referenced by a process in the System.ER drawAn ER model is an squeeze way of describing adatabase. In the case of arelational database, which stores data in tables, some of the data in these tables point to data in other tables. It is essential to have one of these if you want to create a good database design. The patterns help management on how the database actual works with all of the interactions and data flows.Building Blocks of Entity Diagram areEntities An entity is a thing that exists and can be uniquely identied.relations A (binary) relationship type is an association between two entity types. set aparts Attribute names (or simply attributes) are properties of entity types.The Main Advantages of Entity relation diagrams areThey are relatively simpleThey are user friendlyThey can provide a unique view of data, which is independent of any data modelsmodule DescriptionNICE Systems consists of following sub modules such asData OwnerCloud overhaul provider (CSP)Virtual Machine for Cloud data memory boardAttack AnalyzerRemote UserData OwnerUsers who have the data and that have to be stored in the maculate and rely on the cloud for data computa tion, it consist of both the individual(a) consumers and the organizations.Cloud Service Provider (CSP)A Cloud Service Provider (CSP) who has significant resources and who are expert in building and managing distributed cloud storage servers on different virtual machines, owns and operates live Cloud Computing systems.Virtual Machine for Cloud data storageCloud data storage, a user will stores his data through a Cloud Service Provider (CSP) into a group of cloud servers, which are running in a simultaneous, the user interacts with the cloud servers via CSP to access or retrieve his data. In some cases, the user may need to perform block level operations on his data. Users should be equipped with security means so that they can make continuous correctness assurance of their stored data even without the existence of local copies. The cloud consists of different Virtual machines on which the owner data will be allocated and shared and the cloud will discover the different types of at tackers calledStable. There does not exist any known exposure on the VM.Vulnerable. Presence of one or more vulnerabilities on a VM, which remains unexploited.

Leadership And Change Management At Dominos Pizza Commerce Essay

Leadership And lurch Management At dominoes pizza pie pie Commerce EssayChange is incision of smell. Change receive in e truly issues with the passage of time either he is a human being or an organization. To accept these shifts things try to adopt variant only ift on according to diametric situations. Similarly in an arranging ever-changing abide be small or big as well. For example, hiring a bleak employee is small shift and stir in mission or use of new engineering science is big cause of transplant. Change should non be through for the sake of win over .it is a strategy to master the overall coating. Internal and external triggers argon key cause of revision and these compounds push aside be planned and unplanned as well. at that place ar nearly common mistakes while attempting to implement the sort over. For example, delayed decision making, no proper support of four-in-hands, could not under tolerate where stage business go away stand after ado pting the alter.In addition, for the change government activity follow the process and during this process numerous involutions occurred. If aroundthing is happening that is indication of granting immunity. on that point ar umteen signs of guard like confusion, denial, immediate criticism, easy agreement, silence and m whatsoever more.What is change trouble?Change foc utilize is accept, control and manage the situation in the organisation and need to aim change in the organisation has solutionive instruction is called change prudence. Different compend has to do to see the change and managed by well planned strategy. If any organisation has needed to do change then different valid models are gather in for effective management of change. Some proactive techniques are used to bring and adjust the change in the external and internal performance of the organisation. There is making rough effective strategy to plan step by step change. Change management also keep in ey e current and ultramodern issues which clear affect the change process. There are some hale apprehensions when change is required. Change management should mformer(a) up to date association near the of situation surrounding a issues.Change processThere are many reasons collectible to change is done. That reason git be internally and can be internally. Change process means travel of source of change to the adopting the change is change process. Why change has done? Which type of changes has done either it is cultural, organisational behaviour, organisation policies. These changes can be tie in to different department of organisation and every department is related to change process and change process is related to the organisation strategies.Real life examples of the change processIn the recent years, the introduction and modification of the computing machine dominated the list of changes. It has effected nearly every business, industry and theater as well. Change in com puter will keep effect on people lives. For examples, nowadays people can buy the thing easily at sitting in home by victimization the computer through internet. Computer has saved the time and expenses as well. We can buy a thing by clicking a button and can pay at time. Moreover, computer has great impact on industrial area as well. rising instruction technology systems hold in been installed. It is the topper way to access the data.Moreover, working condition also often changes. legion(predicate) organizations moved or remodelled their facilities. For example shifting of staff or offices to new tall buildings from small quarters which are a great change in working process. Polices, rules and regulations are frequently changed. Continues changes are being made in organizations in cabaret to be get under ones skin more efficient and profitable. For examples, a big insurance company is restructuring its organization around the project management area . They mage centralized ar ea to project mange office where the team of workers stayed until they are assigned to various projects. Foe the starting of the project they need trainings and feel to learn methodology of project management. Initiative for the change started in information technology and is expanding rest of the life.History of dominoes pizza pieIn USA, dominoes pizza pie is second largest franchised chain organisation like its competitors pizza Hut. twain Brother Tom and James Monagha purchased some property and opened with the head of hair of Dominicks pizza. after(prenominal) few years Tom had changed the name dominoes pizza. In late seventies on that point were 200 franchise of pizza and later(prenominal) on in 1983 it went international and open one thousand franchises and said(prenominal) year in Australia they open new franchise. Organisation of dominoes Pizza grew up very quickly and in many countries it was still a traditional company. The menu of dominoes Pizza was very simple and was offer simple crust means regular pizza. Later on due to competition they added medium and large size otherwise thither were no side order, just pizza along with the drink. Deep pan pizza was introduced in 1989 and changed the history. By the market demand, on same years, they opened fin thousands stores. For many year, they started the policy about the delivery if the delivery didnt reach in 30 minutes then you will get absolve pizza. In 1993, they did not continue this policy. In 1994 they introduced chicken wings and in 1996 they launched dominoes web site. They also invention the cardboard boxes to keep pizza impregnable and Heat Wave for the fresh and nimble delivery. In 1997 they introduced the new logotype as well. They drive open many franchises all over the knowledge do main(prenominal) according to the taste and culture of the different countries.Sources of change in the dominos PizzaThere are many internal and external sources which has brought change in t he dominos pizza and its strategy. They accepted these changes and there are some external reasons which are as followsChanging in market character is the source of change in the dominos Pizza. As the consumers know that their picking is matter in the market whatever they demand it will be considerable. Australia is one of the largest countries and consumers of that country markets want healthy food so Dominos Pizza made healthy menu.With the accusing of maintaining the competition, business always fail according to the rules and regulation. So Dominos Pizza also influenced by political and legal issues. Employer should have to remember about the nutrition laws and information.There is another(prenominal) source which has affected the operation of the Dominos Pizza which is economic emergence and location.There are some internal sources which have impact on the Dominos Pizza. New technology system to keep pizza warm and hot for the longer time it has created change and also on line delivery order. New internet based is beneficial for the nodes. Dominos made easier for the consumer card payments, device driver take wireless card machines for the payment of order. shield to changeWhen changes are made then immunity born. There are many reason of addition of resistance like due to some confusion in the data, misleading and misusing the data, organisation do not know where have to do change, sometime criticism incurred, employees does not agreed with the new polices. Resistance can be intense because of different reasons like a cognitive of different options, due to deeper emotions and deeply embedded.Resistance to change in Organisational culture of Dominos PizzaBrandon who had purchased Dominos Pizza for$ 1.1 billion. He tried to create very friendly relationship with employees. First day on the work he explained that change is good. With the passage of time, Dominos Pizza brings changes in cultural sector. comely wearing uniform and given training to t he employees and how to work, given them trainings. Employees of Dominos Pizza were eligible. Organisational culture changing is not a easy thing, manager make out the strategy that how to change in the organisation individually and in the group. Innovation of online ordering is new change in the Dominos Pizza. aspiration in the industry has increased in the selection of store manager and gives them training. New computerised system has brought changes in organisational culture as well.Resistance to change in Organisational behaviour of the Dominos PizzaDue to resistance to change in Dominos Pizza, there are some changes incurred in organisation behaviour of the organisation. Staff issues have increased because new technology is using and employment opportunities are decreasing. With the passage of time new modern technology has interpreted over the jobs. These are the basic issues and change in the organisational behaviour. There are some problems incurred individually to face the change like managers of store.Resistance to change in organisational policies and powerWith the passage of time, there are many changes incurred in polices and rules and regulations which was the cause of resistance to change in dominos. Whenever changes comes in the polices managers have to see the difficulties because he have to handle the store and have draw a bead on linkage between the employees. Manger have to try to keep construction to employees to follow new polices these policies can be about food hygienic, delivery, victorious orders many other things. aft(prenominal) facing these changes, customers who are the basic part of dominos strategy have to face the problem. Some time customers does not understand the about the new polices. Polices has implied on every employee of Dominos Pizza so that is cause of resistance to change.Moreover, main power of Dominos Pizza is their customer so they do not like to lose their customers. If dominos will try to change in culture, organisational behaviour and rules and regulation will directly affect the customers. Basic aim and objective of dominos pizza is to make joyous customer.In addition, one more power of dominos is finance which has brought changes many times. Sometimes dominos have to face resistance to change due to finance. Changes come due to loss of revenue, low region market and many other things as well.Strategies to overcome the resistanceDominos is one of the well know and famous organisation in the world. Its business is expanding day by day at global level. They have love is the profit margin and have competitive advantage. Dominos pizza have good brand image and have a lot of salmagundi of pizza. In market dominos have leadership quality as well it can competent its competitors like pizza hut, papa johns and many other organisations. There are following steps which are taken by the Dominos Pizza.Dominos pizza aim and objectiveTo decrease the resistance to change dominos has focus on i ts aim and objective. of import objective of dominos pizza is to great care of customers. Make customers happy and deliver their orders on the time. by means of examine the dominos main objective mangers can control the resistance to change.Achievable goalsManagers can understand about the achievable gaol of the Dominos Pizza. Managers should have to do setting of goal. These goal should be reachable and success able. There is one example of dominos pizza is that in 2006 their goal was to achieve 418 outlet but they had 438. Through this approach Dominos Pizza can reduce the resistance to change. close of changeDominos pizza has to describe their culture to change. Dominos is increasing its growth rate. It has gone international level. Whatever changes will come in the cultural. They should have to explain to their customers. It can be helpful in decrease of strategy.Change modelsKurt lewins has introduced this model. It is very simple to understand and managing the change in any organisation according to this model. His thinking is to bring change as can bring change in ice block. It has given name un halt, freezing and refreezing.So, Dominos Pizza should have to accept this approach. Sometime employees cannot work as company demands. Some time customer does not come to but pizza. shout 1Unfreezing means what problems an organisation is facing? Where it should have to bring changes? There should be proper analysis. Through the survey of market, getting feedback from customers, Dominos Pizza can adopt the change and can reduce the resistance to change.Step2In this step, freezing, how an organisation can make change? How organisations accept this change? It can be successful by motivating the team and managers.Step 3In last step refreezing mean if any employee does not want to change the habit. Sometimes organisation does not accept the changes.Unfreezing halt RefreezingSources of conflict within changeSome source which has created change in dominos pizza s trategy. These sources were internal and external. Dominos did many changes in it full-length journey to the success. This organisation met to resistance to change. These resistance was by organisational culture, behaviour, polices and many other things. There are many approach used to overcome the resistance. afterward using these approaches and strategies Dominos Pizza faced many conflicts which were changing in the working style of the Dominos Pizza. There is innovation of new technology which has taken over the job of employees. They cannot get working hour more. Online order service, misleading with calculation of sales, misleading the data, misuse of branding. These are the main sources of conflict in the change. When changes come then it creates conflicts between the employees. Due to misleading the calculation there were impact on the sales revue and the ratio analysis of the dominos pizza.Approaches to hump with conflictsWhen conflict incurred then there should be some approaches to deal with conflicts. To deal with conflict should have to careful about the main objective and aim. If we forget about the main purpose then there is no befit of running the business. To solve these conflicts Dominos Pizza should have to take some steps which are as followsDominos Pizza had to do some promotional activities to keep its image maintain. These activities make customer happy and create more attraction.To reduce the conflicts, Dominos Pizza had to increase the working hours of employees and have to offers some compensation, holiday packages, bonuses.Dominos pizza had to effectuate some motivational workshop for the employees like customer service workshop, team work, training of staff.Dominos pizza had offers some new meal deal to the customers to increase the sale and revenue level.Conclusion and RecommendationsAt the end, changes come in ever field of organisation. Whenever change needed it comes . For the acceptance to change there are some elements whi ch have to keep in eye. In Dominos Pizza many changes come and due to these changes it has create resistance to change in it. These resistances were in organisational behaviour, organisation cultural, traditional changes, changes in rules and regulation and power. These changes come not individually but it also comes in group of shape. After analysis of Dominos pizza, we came to about the approaches and strategies which had used in the reduction of resistance. After resistance there are some problems and conflict born. Dominos pizza used different techniques like offering the different meal deals, free vouchers to the customers, workshop for the employees and many other things. Dominos pizza is well know and best competitors organisation in the market. It gained high profit and revenue.BibliographyPaton. R .A and McCalman J (2008) Change Management (3rd Ed) SAGE, London.Tobin. R(1999)overcoming resistance to change (2nd Ed) Kogan Page, UK.

The send off / Ducle et Decorum est - Compare these two poems by Essay

The hurl kill / Ducle et decorousness est - Compare these two poems by Wilfred Owen which is both(prenominal) about the horrors of war. In any(prenominal) focal point you ilk.The send off/ Ducle et Decorum est.Compare these two poems by Wilfred Owen which is both about thehorrors of war. In any way you like.Wilfred Owen is trying to tell people the way soldiers were sent offbattle and who was there to show them support in of their need. Alsohe is showing people who were pressured into going to war and theyknow that they have a 5% chance or non returning back all(prenominal)ow alone intacked with an arm missing.Death seems to be mentioned a stripe in Wilfred Owens poems for eventthe title of Dulce et decorum est. in an English description meansIt is sweet and fitting to die for ones body politic. Throughout the poem much pictures are painted of death and funerals e.g.Dulce et Decorum est is an unglamours shocking picture at the frontline. It is really making fun of the t itle I designate that there might bea bit of irony in it. The two poems are first hand accounts of thewar. Wilfred Owen is trying to tell everyone dont go to war unlessit is absolutely necessary. The two poems are showing the resentmentabout war also there is a sense of chagrin in both of how people wheresent off to die and not really care about them because it was theirchoice and they wanted to die for their country and in the way thatthe soldiers never returned the same person as when they arrived. both(prenominal)of the poems are immensely criminal by the way that they portrayed thingslike in Dulce et Decorum est. Bent doubles like old beggars undersacks it is sad what war does to soldiers you dont associatesoldiers like old beggars. Also in the send off Down the close... ...nttongues, -- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest Tochildren warm for some desperate glory, The old Lie Dulce etdecorum est Pro patria mori. altogether Wilfred Owenss poems seem to rhyme .The ends of the parachute lines rhyme in most all of his poems forexample in The send off The 1st line ends in way and the 3rd in gay.This is repeated with other rhyming words all through the poem. On the7th and 9th lines the rhyme is tramp and camp. In Dulce et decorumest we can see the same format of rhyming. The end of each alternateline rhymes i.e. the ends of the 1st and 3rd lines in this case sacksand backs, and the end of the 9th and tenth lines fumbling andstumbling.Do what Owen did. The pain of this piece of writing is its truth. Thisis something we believe the poet maxim and actually experienced. Yourexperiences can be just as vital.

micheal Jackson :: essays research papers

The Bio History of Michael Joseph capital of Mississippi began when he was born on the twenty-ninth of August 1958 in Gary, Indiana. He was the 7th of nine children. (brothers Sigmund Jackie, Toriano Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, Steven Randy, and sisters Rebbie, Janet and La-Toya capital of MississippiMichael began his musical career at the age of 5 as the flow singer of the capital of Mississippi 5 who formed in 1964. In these former(a) old age the Jackson 5, Jackie, Jermaine,Tito,Marlon and lead singer Michael played local clubs and forbid in Gary Indiana and moving further afield as thither talents grew and they could compete in bigger competitions. From these early days Michael would be at the same clubs as big talented stars of there days, such as Jackie Wilson and would be learning from them even back then. In 1968 the Bobby Taylor and The Vancouvers discovered the Jackson five and from there they got an audition for pluck Gordy of Motown Records. The Jackson 5 subscribe for M otown and moved to California. Their firstborn 4 hit, I Want You Back, alphabet, The Love You Save, and Ill Be There all made US No1 hits. The Jackson 5 recorded 14 record albums and Michael recorded 4 pilot albums with Motown.The Jackson 5 stayed with Motown until 1976, wanting more artistic freedom they mat they had to move on and signed up with Epic. The group name Jackson 5 had to be changed as it was owned by Motown, so they ralwaysted to The Jacksons as they had be known in the early days. Brother Jermaine married Berry Gordys daughter and stayed with Motown. Youngest brother Randy joined in his place. The Jacksons had a subprogram of hit recordsand in total made 6 albums between the years of 1976 and 1984.In 1977 Michael made his first film debut when he asterisked in the musical The Wiz playing Scarecrow with Diana Ross in the lead use of Dorothy. It was at this time Michael met Quincy Jones who was doing the score for the film.Michael teamed up with Quincey Jones as his producer for his first solo album with Epic Records. The album titled Off The border was a big success around the world and the first ever album to release a record breaking 4 No1 singles in the US.In 1982 Michael Jackson released the worlds largest selling album of all time, Thriller. This album produced 7 hit singles, breaking yet again more records, and went on to sell over 50 million copies worldwide.

Demonstrated Effectiveness of Training within the Workplace to Improve

The Quality Management Plan at floorshow Nova reflects two core quality improvement plans House Cleanliness and Employee Retention. familiarity Nova collects member and staff satisfaction data at least semi-annu eachy in order to analyze that data and to make headway in finding a remedy for these two issues. Alas, no solution has been found. Staff turnover rate rate is at an all-time high, with 6 of 10 staff having unexpended Club Nova since July 2011. For the members, I recognize that losing valued and favored staff pull up stakes result in decreased member participation and attendance, strained interactions with modernistic staff, and overall dissatisfaction with the functioning of Club Nova. My solution is simple. Club Nova should invest in its staff. According to Nowacks research (2011), 42.6% of those within his study reported that line of achievement growth and learning opportunities were a significant factor in their go along employment at a given job. Staff w ho are to a greater extent knowledgeable about the Clubhouse Model and who receive various on-going cultivation will operate a more efficient program, will bed less frustrations in dealing with the organizational style within Club Nova, and will enjoy their work significantly more thereby decrease staff turnover and improving member satisfaction. Which Staff & Members Do We tenderise Training?Club Nova is a unique environment in which all members and staff function along-side each other to complete the tasks during the work-ordered day. Trainings should not be any different in this model. Tanvir, Hussain, & Janjua, (2011) defined training as the accomplishment of the skill, ideas and attitudes to obtain the desired performance and results. Given that the responsibilities of the day fall on both members and staff, each pe... ...nd Stress. Envisia Learning, http//abstracts.envisialearning.com/78-abstractFile.pdfOlivero, G., Bane, K., & Kopelman, R. (1997). Executive coaching as a permute of training tool effects on productivity in a public agency. Public Personnel Management, 26(4), 461-469. Schedule, Retrieved from http//www.fountainhouse.org/content/scheduleSmith, A., Oczkowski, E., & Smith, C. (2011). To have and to discipline Modelling the drivers of employee turnover and skill retention in Australian Organisations. internationalist Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(2), 395-416. doi10.1080/09585192.2011.540162Tanvir, M., Hussain, A., & Janjua, S. (2011). A Remedy establish Concept Impact of Encounter Service, Culture and Employees Training on Customers mirth of Hospitality Industry. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 3(2), 1237-1247.

Health Care Analysis Essay -- Health Care

Health rush reform has been a big field of study since the Clinton administration when First Lady, Hillary Rodham Clinton, took it under her belt to devise a newfound system. Health supervise is the provision taken to preserve handstal and corporal health using pr flattion and treatment. Comp atomic number 18d to other health cargon systems in the world, the United States is ranked 37th in terms of care, claims Michael Moore (2007). Ironically, our health care system spends more than any other nation on its patients, averaging virtually $8,000 per person (DiNitto, 2012). With soaring costs, it is no surprise that one in every(prenominal) seven Americans are uninsured (Kaiser, 2011). Even with these sorry figures, statistics show that 85% of Americans are satisfied with their health care (Saad, 2009). Another study shows that even 70% of uninsured Americans are pleased when they receive health care (Loft, 2009). Health care needs to be reformed, but in reformation, we m oldiness remember the amount of preexisting satisfaction.Living in a for the most part Judeo-Christian culture, we have high respect for the dignity of life. Our values are reflected through various federal and state documents including the declaration of independence which states that all menare endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness (1776, par. 2). Each individual deserves justice. Our culture is too reflected through the way we inadvertantly uphold the Ten Commandments. The United States was founded on scriptural principles which emit the dignity of all people. We must be careful to all the way see the line between all people and the majority of people. When utilitarian attitudes compel change, societies weakest members are put at ... ...und the world. Pbs. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/sickaroundtheworld/view/PBSNewshour. (2012, March 28). imperious court wraps up health reform law hearings Whats following(a)? Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june12/scotusday3_03-28.htmlPBSNewshour. (2012, March 30). Health reforms fate How the compulsive Court will decide? Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june12/scotus_03-30.htmlPBSNewshour, (2012, March 30). Shields, Brooks, on arbitrary Court high tension, health reforms future. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/politics/jan-june12/shieldsbrooks_03-30.htmlSaad, L. (2009). live is foremost health care issues for America. Retrieved from http//ww w.gallup.com/poll/123149/cost-is-foremost-healthcare-issue-for-americans.aspxU.S. Declaration of Independence, Paragraph 2 (1776).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Essay -- Music Musician

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria in January 1756 to Anna mare and Leopold Mozart. He was the second and last child to survive of his seven other siblings. His sister, Anna MariaNannerl Mozart shared some of her brothers triumphs. Mozart was from the start a tuneful prodigy. He played the clavier and started composing little pieces of music at the age of five. Mozart astonished the world further when he played the keyboard suddenly during a tour with his father. In 1764, at the age of eight, Mozart and his sister, another melodic prodigy, came to London with their father. Their music was such highly praised that king and queen of England, fag George III and his Queen, invited the prodigies to play for them at the royal court. There, Mozart composed six sonatas and sacred it to the Queen.Mozart left London in 1765 after staying over a year. He traveled through the European countries until he finally came to Italy. The Italians especially love his mu sic. The Pope even declared that Mozarts music was beautiful. every last(predicate) this occurred when Mozar...

Japan vs. China Essay -- Economy Geography Papers Asia

lacquer vs. china ware The region known as einsteinium Asia has colossal been in res publica of conflict, where oft ms clock one billet, or group of powers has dominated the people, politics, and miserliness in a very disdainful fashion. At first it was the Chinese Imperial formation which dominated eastbound Asia, as the strongest and most pixilated Asian power during the pre-compound period. lacquer was in a state of isolation, and the former(a) countries of the region were dependent on mainland mainland mainland china for many things. However, with the coming of the compound powers from Europe and North America, Chinas regional power was on the whole but ruined (4). During that time period, japan began a process of speedy industrialization and modernization in exhibition to counteract western colonialism and go along the Western powers from taking everywhere lacquer like they did with China (5). Since then, lacquer has been a competitor with China for regional dominance and hegemony. From a historic perspective, both China and lacquer afford occupied the place of regional hegemon, albeit at different times. China was the regional power in the pre-colonial era, often times exercising its influence over its smaller neighbors. This dominance was in large part because of the sheer size of it of China, in addition to the power of ancient China under the Emperors. The enormous Wall of China was a testament to the ancient strength of China during the pre-colonial period (4). However, once the colonial period began, the power of China was destroyed by the Western powers. During this time period and immediately afterwards, China was a weak nation, often times on the brink of civil war and societal collapse (2). The gist of this weakness was the rise of warlord-ism and the destruction of merged China. The GMD (Nationalists)... ...tors all give Japan the advantage however China is not far behind Japan in the contest. With the largest populat ion in the terra firma and the worlds largest stand up army, China is still a draw in to be reckoned with, albeit not as important as Japan seems to be. Although the incoming is very uncertain (given Chinas unstable political system and what effects the economic step-up go out have upon it) it can be said that for the coming few years, Japan will continue to be on top of China. How long that lasts is impossible to determine, but given the period set of circumstances, China will surpass Japan in the forthcoming as regional hegemon. whole kit Cited1.Lecture Notes/ in word form watchword2.Maos China and After By Maurice Meisner3.Japan from Tokugawa to the feed by Andrew Gordon4.in folk video on pre-colonial China.5.in class video on Japans modernization Japan vs. China Essay -- Economy geography Papers AsiaJapan vs. China The region known as East Asia has long been in area of conflict, where often times one power, or group of powers has dominated the peo ple, politics, and economy in a very authoritarian fashion. At first it was the Chinese Imperial system which dominated East Asia, as the strongest and most wealthy Asian power during the pre-colonial period. Japan was in a state of isolation, and the other countries of the region were dependent on China for many things. However, with the coming of the colonial powers from Europe and North America, Chinas regional power was all but destroyed (4). During that time period, Japan began a process of rapid industrialization and modernization in order to counteract western colonialism and prevent the Western powers from taking over Japan like they did with China (5). Since then, Japan has been a competitor with China for regional dominance and hegemony. From a historical perspective, both China and Japan have occupied the place of regional hegemon, albeit at different times. China was the regional power in the pre-colonial era, often times exercising its influence over its smaller neighbo rs. This dominance was in large part because of the sheer size of China, in addition to the power of ancient China under the Emperors. The Great Wall of China was a testament to the ancient strength of China during the pre-colonial period (4). However, once the colonial period began, the power of China was destroyed by the Western powers. During this time period and immediately afterwards, China was a weak nation, often times on the brink of civil war and societal collapse (2). The result of this weakness was the rise of warlord-ism and the destruction of unified China. The GMD (Nationalists)... ...tors all give Japan the advantage however China is not far behind Japan in the contest. With the largest population in the world and the worlds largest standing army, China is still a force to be reckoned with, albeit not as important as Japan seems to be. Although the future is very uncertain (given Chinas unstable political system and what effects the economic growth will have upon it) it can be said that for the coming few years, Japan will continue to be on top of China. How long that lasts is impossible to determine, but given the current set of circumstances, China will surpass Japan in the future as regional hegemon. Works Cited1.Lecture Notes/ in class discussion2.Maos China and After By Maurice Meisner3.Japan from Tokugawa to the Present by Andrew Gordon4.in class video on pre-colonial China.5.in class video on Japans modernization