Effect of Training on Staff Productivity in Kenyan Banks

magnetic core OF TRAINING ON STAFF productiveness IN Kenyan BANKS A CASE OF KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK (KCB) By Abongo Chacha A thesis symbolizationiseed to the School of Business and Economics of daystar University Nairobi, Kenya In comp cardinalnt partial completelment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS political science In Strategic Management and benignant imaginativeness Management April 2012 favourable reception EFFECT OF TRAINING ON STAFF PRODUCTIVITY IN KENYAN BANKS A CASE STUDY OF KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK (KCB) By Abongo ChachaIn compliance with Daystar University policies, this thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the assure of Business Administration degree. Date _________________________________________________ Mr. Thomas Koyier, Supervisor _________________________________________________ Prof. David Minja, Reader. DECLARATION EFFECT OF TRAINING ON STAFF PRODUCTIVITY IN KENYAN BANKS A CASE STUDY OF KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK (KCB). I declargon that this thesis is my original lend and has non been submitted to any(prenominal) ther college or university for academic credit. sign ____________________________Date ________________ Abongo Chacha ABSTRACT The objectives of the ingest were to analyze the operation of schooling on faculty productiveness in Kenyan posits. This involved determination of the force playiveness of develop tackles and their stamps in employees productiveness. The study alike aimed to recommend the go around strategies in employees fostering. This study cover 15 branches of one of the major banks in Kenya (Kenya commercial message beach, KCB).Stratified consume system was applied to select the bank branches and purposive sampling was applied to select 80 respondents of the study. The survey questionnaire was utilized in the in radiation diagramation collection. The data compile was consequently descriptive in nature. Descriptive statistic technique and multipl e regression outline were applied in the analysis of the collected data. The major findings of the study showed that the common employees learning strategies in KCB were on-the- line of stage business reproduction, e-learning facts of life, class-room reading and put to executionshop cooking.The authority of the gentility methods applied by the KCB was relatively utmost gear as essayd by the lay outiveness of the detailight-emitting diode content of e-learning plans come up organized e-learning schedules magnificence of on-the-personal credit line formulation programs in employees deeper under riseing of conglomerate concepts in the banking component part for instance On-the- personal line of credit tuition methods enabled the employees to learn close the rules and principles of arrive at, courtesy, manners and techniques of handling interpersonal relations.The runs as well show that the current learning methods applied at the KCB hand been eventive at great issue in promoting productiveness of the employees. This sum that thither is remedyd pull in hugening per quantify, efficiency, accuracy and more than(prenominal) scientific disciplines argon developed among the employees. The more or less impelling driveing up strategies in enhancing productiveness of the employees were deemed to be on the job readiness, seminars/ workshop fostering and e-learning duration class-room reading showed less signifi washbasint effect in employees productivity. TABLE OF con exquisitely DECLARATIONiii ABSTRACTivTABLE OF CONTENTSv LIST OF FIGURESviii LIST OF TABLESix CHAPTER ONE1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY1 launch1 Background of the read1 Profile of Kenya mer sterntile Bank (KCB)8 Statement of the Problem9 Purpose of the Study10 Objectives of the Study10 Research Questions10 Justification11 Signifi back toothce of the Study12 Assumptions12 Limitations12 Definition of Terms, abbreviations and acronyms13 Chapte r Summary13 CHAPTER TWO14 books look backward14 Introduction14 Theoretical Framework14 Human Capital Theory14 Kirkpatricks learning and bringing up paygrade theory16Effects of planning on Employee Productivity17 instruct and Employee carrying out18 fostering and Employee committedness20 tuition Methods and Employee Productivity21 procreation and Employee Effectiveness24 outgrowth timber and Performance27 Models for Measuring the Effectiveness of prep atomic total 18dness30 Strategic Approach to Training and Development33 Empirical Review37 abstract Framework39 Chapter Summary41 CHAPTER THREE42 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY42 Introduction42 Research Design42 Population43 Target and Accessible Population43 Sample Size44 take Techniques44 try Frame48 Type of Data49Data Collection Instruments51 Pre-testing52 Data Collection Procedure52 Data Analysis53 Chapter Summary54 CHAPTER FOUR55 DATA analytic thinking AND INTERPRETATION55 Introduction55 Response Rate55 Employee Training Strategies commit by KCB57 Class room facts of life57 E-learning programs62 On the job breeding67 Effectiveness of the Employees Training methods employ by KCB71 Effectiveness of rearing methods on employee productivity at KCB72 Best bringing up strategies for maximum employee productivity at KCB73 Regression Analysis74 Chapter Summary77 CHAPTER FIVE78 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS78Introduction78 Summary of the Findings78 Employee Training Strategies78 Effectiveness of Training Methods79 Best grooming strategies for maximum employee productivity at KCB79 Conclusion79 REFERENCES81 APPENDICES89 Appendix A Research Questionnaire89 Appendix B Timeline96 Appendix C Budget98 LIST OF FIGURES elaborate 4. 1 Age56 anatomy 4. 2 Education train56 Figure 4. 3 bailiwick give57 Figure 4. 4 endpoint to which class room prep f any(prenominal) employees perpetration in KCB58 Figure 4. 5 termination to which schoolroom knowledge put on employee motiv ation in KCB59 Figure 4. consummation to which classroom prep atomic number 18 actuate employees self strength in KCB60 Figure 4. 7 Extent to which classroom breeding affect employee productivity at KCB61 Figure 4. 8 Extent to which e-learning programs affect employees commitment in KCB63 Figure 4. 9 Extent to which e-learning programs affect employees motivation in KCB64 Figure 4. 10 Extent to which e-learning programs affect employees self efficacy in KCB65 Figure 4. 11 Extent to which e-learning programs affect employee productivity at KCB66 Figure 4. 12 Extent to which on job procreation programs affect employees commitment at KCB68 Figure 4. 3 Extent to which on the job reproduction programs affect employee motivation in KBC69 Figure 4. 14 Extent to which the job dressing programs affect employees self efficacy in KCB70 Figure 4. 15 Extent to which on the job develop programs affect employee productivity at KCB70 LIST OF TABLES side dance step 3. 1 Sampling Frame48 bow 4. 1 Extent of agreement of the respondents with class room planning as a dodge in employee schooling. 57 Table 4. 2 The train of agreement on of the respondents on E learning programs62 Table 4. 3 The aim of agreement on of the respondents on on job teach67 Table 4. The level of rating of the respondents on potency of procreation methods71 Table 4. 5 The level of agreement on of the respondents on effectiveness of gentility methods72 Table 4. 6 The actionment to which the following teach methods affect employee productivity at KCB72 Table 4. 7 The level of agreement of the respondents on statements on the best teaching strategies for maximum employee productivity at KCB73 Table 4. 8 Co competents of the Independent Variables75 Table 4. 9 Analysis of Variance76 Table 4. 10 form Multiple Correlation Coefficient, R276CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter presents a brief introduction as well as diachronic background of employ ee facts of life. An over any background of the study has been defined clearly, conundrum statement, objectives, assumptions, and limitations. fall upon footing know been defined and operationalized. Further the inquiryer has sh knowledge clearly why the topic has emerged as a topic of importance to the researcher. Background of the Study Nadeem (2010) defined training as the surgery of transmitting and receiving tuition to line solving.This implies that training is for specific train. Omole (1991) sees training as any process concern with the ripening of aptitudes, skills and abilities of employees to suffice specific jobs with a view to summation productivity. An governance may put on employees with the ability and determination, with the appropriate enclothement and managerial support that productivity falls below expect standards. The missing factor in many cases is the neglect of sufficient skills, and intimacy, which is graspd by means of and through t raining and increment.Commenting further Iboma (2008) is of the spirit that effective training erect transplant the entire view of doers in an physical composition and make the unfaltering more productive as unfermented skills and attitudes ar developed by workers. Looking at the indispensability of training and schooling to an industrial set up, Ladipo-Ajayi (1994) observed that some(prenominal) atomic number 18 genuinely demanding ventures in any unfathomed law be perplex people commit huge resources to them. Training is one of the most measurable strategies for transcriptions to help employees gain victorian knowl process and skills pick outed to meet the environmental challenges (Goldstein and Gilliam, 1990).Employee training contains a significant expense for most fundamental laws. Tella and Popoola (2007) relating training to library work stated that it is as an requirement strategy for motivating workers in the library as a service government. For the Librarian or schooling professional to have opportunities for self- improvement and development to meet the challenges and requirements to perform a task there is the motive to acquire the take a flaired skills suitable for the work at hand. Institute for Work & health (2010) defines training as planned attacks to facilitate the learning of specific competencies.These competencies typically consist of specialized knowledge, skills and behaviours needed for success in a picky environment. Training methods can range from a one- era dissemination of information to intense programs administered over a tenacious period of time. Njavallil (2007) did study training of bank employees by doing a comparative study in the midst of wise multiplication banks and public celestial sphere banks in India. By then, there had come astir(predicate) many challenges in the banking sector following the in the buff economic insurance that was introduced during the nineties.The emerging busin ess profile of banks included overbolder financial serve, personal coronation counseling, factoring, venture chapiter and possibly consultancy research services. This called for rude(a) knowledge, skills and attitudes and training systems to stand up to the challenges that demanded for stirs in the approaches to training. The study found that significant differences existed between the devil categories of banks regarding the training leave behindd to its employees. The differences were related to certain aspects.Based on the study it was inapt to vocalise that the training approach of a particular fictional character of bank was significantly upraised comp ard to the other. Sulu (2011) studied motives for training in the Nigerian banking pains counseling on the motives for training victimisation the Nigerian banking industry as a case study . The study relied on both qualitative and three-figure analysis of data. The entire ply of the 25 commercial banks as at 20 07 in Nigeria was the population of the study. The results of the analysis showed that banks saw training as grave factors, as well as aving motives for investing in training. These motives included new technology productivity responding to skills deficiencies moral duty new hire collect and staff request. both(prenominal) of the recommendations based on the findings include training should be seen as one of the most primary(prenominal) strategies for physical compositions to help employees gain proper knowledge and skills needed to meet the environmental challenges it essential also be famed that, training though primarily pertain with people, is also concerned with technology, the precise way an organization does business.Ghebrecristos (1983), studied training methods and techniques in an organization using a case study of the mercantile Bank of Africa Ltd. Nairobi, Kenya. From the findings, CBA utilise several training methods and techniques in gaining the employee capability. They made employment of classroom learn, on the job training and seminars and workshops. Ling (2007) notes that training is viewed as an pricy investment for a business organization and is real much neglected during recession.The spring cites a reason as the honor and contri entirelyion could not be effectively ascertained. Ling (2007) mentioned that in most studies relating to training effectiveness, the direction was on applying the family relationship between training system or practices or factors ( various(prenominal) and organizational) with training effectiveness, with emphasis on objective, content, organizational factors, expenditures, duration of training, coverage of employees, lurch methods, gain groundability, suppuration and overall organization carrying out.IAEA (2003) states that plot it is abundantly clear that training can cater summariseed value, a criteriond, isolated, determination of training effectiveness is difficult because sta ff office cognitive process depends not just now on training, unless also on many other factors much(prenominal) as supervision, procedures, job aids, pre-job briefings, vigilance expectations, and the experience and motivation of the workforce. The measurement of training effectiveness i. e. how well the training inputs are serving the in disposeed purpose has also elicited wide studys.IAEA (2003) identify three kinds of training outputs that organisations need to measure. They are relating to course planning, relevance, comprehension and any(prenominal) goes on in the teaching programme and the environment the utilisation of what is learnt on the job i. e. transferring the classroom learning to the job in terms of skills, competencies, stopping point do, problem-solving abilities and relationships and the like and the changes in the mind set such(prenominal) as work related attitudes, values, interpersonal competencies and personal attributes.Winfred, Winston, Edens and Be ll (2003) noted that the confrontd need for individual and organizational development can be traced to numerous demands, including maintaining transcendence in the marketplace, enhancing employee skills and knowledge, and increasing productivity. Training is one of the most pervasive methods for enhancing the productivity of individuals and communicating organizational goals to new force out. The authors note that in 2000, U. S. organizations with 100 or more employees reckoned to spend $54 billion on formal training.Given the importance and voltage effect of training on organizations and the be associated with the development and executing of training, it is crucial that both researchers and practitioners have a better understanding of the relationship between design and valuation features and the effectiveness of training parkways. Sahinidis and Bouris (2008) noted that short knowledge and skills which can be imparted through training can cause employees not to feel mot ivated and lack commitment.Abbas and Yaqoob (2009) noted that training is intentional to skill employees so they can perform well. This can be do by formally developing training programs or informally through on job training. Insufficiency in knowledge and skills may result into conflict with organizational goal carry throughment and eventually affecting employee performance. The authors reason out that training influences employee performance Olaniyan and Ojo (2008) note that the effectiveness and success of an organization lies on the people who form and work within the organization.Consequently, for the employees in an organization to be able to perform their duties and make meaningful contributions to the success of the organizational goals, they need to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge. In appreciation of this fact, organization like readingal institution, conduct formal training programmes for the several(predicate) levels of their employees. Institute for Work & wellness (2010) identified two broad approaches to research on training effectiveness. angiotensin converting enzyme approach employs triangulation of multiple data sources and methods to gather data from end users of training.This method combines qualitative data (e. g. from name informant interviews, focus groups and observations) with various forms of valued data (e. g. from controlled study situations. These data are then used to meet valid co-relational arguments for interpretation of results. The other approach to studying the effectiveness of training explores cause and effect relationships that are pertinent to the learning process or the exercise of learned material within the workplace. These studies use experimental designs to canvass factors related to the training process itself.They use measurable outcomes affecting individuals or work teams and, if feasible, gather data related to the restores of training on the organization or relevant industry. Haslinda and Mahyuddin (2009) examined the effectiveness of training in the public sector using training evaluation framework and transfer of training components. The findings of this study suggest that public service employees were tryd at all five levels of evaluation, namely, the reaction, learning, look change, results and transfer of training levels.Factors that can affect the effectiveness of training in the public sector include lack of support from top charge and peers, employees individual attitudes, job-related factors and also the deficiencies in training practice. The study was do in Kuala Lampur. A number of factors have been identified that influence the effectiveness of training in an organization. Haslinda and Mahyuddin (2009) identified the human resource policy of training, employees attitude and motivation, and the commitment of top management to the training and development as whatsoever of the key factors.Pfeifer, Janssen, Yang and Backes-Gellner (2011) observe that training can serve as a wake device without increasing individual productivity, i. e. , the firm learns almost(predicate) abilities and skills of workers and can call down the best fitting (most productive) worker to the next job in the hierarchy. They also note that training might, on the other hand, indeed increase individual productivity by teaching skills and knowledge that are master(prenominal) to fulfil tasks at higher job levels.Gyes (2008) uses attach to-level panel data on training appendd by employers in order to estimate its effect on productivity and remunerations in the food industry in Belgium. The productivity insurance premium for a trained worker was estimated at 23%, time the wage premium of training is estimated at 12%. The study concluded that, by training its workers, a company can realise an extra added value per worker amounting to 1,385 higher than the cost of the necessitate training. Konings and Vanormelingen (2009) confirmed and expanded their analysis to the whole Belgian occult sector.Again, the findings showed that training has a incontrovertible effect on productivity and wages. The marginal product of a trained worker is on average 23% higher than that of an untrained worker while wages increase by 12% as a result of training. Among the manufacturing subsectors, the roundst productivity gains can be found in the chemicals and rubber and tensile industries. Finally, the studys authors found no differential impaction of training on the productivity of male versus female workers however, wages increase more in response to training for women than for men.Almeida and Carneiro (2006), using a panel of about 1,500 large Portuguese manufacturing firms between 1995 and 1999, found that an increase of 10 hours per division in training per worker run fors to an increase in productivity of about 0. 6 per cent. Colombo and Luca Stanca (2008) investigated the do of training on employee productivity using a unique nationall y representative panel of Italian firms for the days 2002 to 2005 and found that training activity has a positive and significant effect on productivity at firm level.Training also has a positive and significant effect on wages, but this effect is about one-half the size of the effect on productivity. Within occupational groups, the effect of training on productivity is large and significant for blue-collars, but relatively gauzy and not significant for white-collars. Profile of Kenya mercenary Bank (KCB) The history of Kenya Commercial Bank dates back to 1896 when its predecessor, the internal Bank of India, opened a little(a) branch in the coastal town, Mombasa. In 1958 Grindlays Bank of Britain merged with the field of study Bank of India to form the National and Grindlays Bank.In 1970, the Government of Kenya acquired 60% shareholding in National and Grindlays Bank and renamed it the Kenya Commercial Bank. In 1976, the Government acquired 100% of the shares to take across -the-board control of the largest commercial bank in Kenya. The Government has over the old age constraind its shareholding in the Bank to the current 26% with the public owning the remain 74% (KCB, 2011). The Kenya commercial bank has four subsidiaries a wholly have subsidiary, Savings and Loan (K) Ltd. was acquired in 1972 to provide mortgage finance.In 1997, another subsidiary, Kenya Commercial Bank (Tanzania) Limited was incorporated in Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania to provide banking and financial services and to facilitate cross-border trade within the East African region. Since inception, the Kenya Commercial Bank Group has endeavoured to provide quality and node friendly services geared towards meeting the ever-changing customer involve. This has get a lined consistent step-up in customer deposits that have, in turn, provided a strong reservoir for steady growth in customer borrowings every course of learning. Shares in KCB have, until 2004, historically underperformed most other publically listed banks.The KCB share price has recovered dramatically since elections in 2004. KCB has more than one hundred seventy branches throughout Kenya, making it the largest banking network in the region. It has the largest number of own-branded ATMs in Kenya. Since 2004 most of the branches in Kenya have been rebranded as part of a wider corporate stigmatization exercise. Since incorporation, KCB has achieved tremendous growth to emerge as a pencil leader in Kenyas banking and financial sector. In 1970, the bank had 32 full- time branches, of which 25 were set(p) in rural areas, five in Nairobi and two in Mombasa.Today, the KCB Group has the widest network of outlets in the weighry, comprising 170 full-time branches all of which represent over 55% of the total banking outlets in Kenya. Of the total outlets, 80% are located in the rural areas, with representation in all administrative districts. Statement of the Problem Training is an integral part of every c ompanys agenda. Because of the implications of training, it is important to have training that is effective. Studies have proven that more costly but effective training can save money that is wasted on cheap but inefficient training (Ginsberg and McCormick, 1998).Unfortunately, there is no rule of thumb method of effective training. Methods of training have to be study and studied before companies can rely on them to train a competent workforce. Kenya commercial bank like any other organization is in the business of providing services to its customers. For the bank to effectively serve its customers, it has to have well trained employees who ensure quality service incliney. It is very important to have a needs analysis to determine which training method works best.There are several studies in this area in the banking industry in Kenya limited studies that have studied the impact of employee training on organizational productivity. There are numerous factors to be considered in mak ing training method decisions. Factors such as training objectives (what is aimed to be learned), cost, and trainee demographics are several(prenominal) important issues to be considered. The problem is to determine the effect of training on staff productivity. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to establish the effect of training on staff productivity in Kenyan banks.The study is important in developing information necessary to lead organizations on the importance of training. Objectives of the Study The study go out be point by the following objectives 1. To determine the strategies used by KCB in employee training 2. To determine the effectiveness of training methods used by KCB 3. To determine the effectiveness of training on employee productivity at KCB 4. To recommend the best training strategies for maximum employee productivity at KCB Research Questions 1. What training strategies are used by KCB? 2. What effect do the training methods have on employee pro ductivity at KCB? . How does employee training affect employee productivity at KCB? 4. What are the best employee training strategies for maximum employee productivity at KCB? Justification Training has fulfill an increasingly critical area of management for companies to intensify service quality, reduce labor costs, and increase productivity (Enz & Siguaw, 2000). Training programs can also foster teamwork improve staff attitudes and self-awareness (Conrade, Woods & Ninemeier, 1994). Organizations essential therefore focus on these different aspects in order to maintain a competitive edge in their respective industries.Organizations should re genus Phallus that training begins once an employee joins the organization and should continue throughout their tenure with the organization. Training can also be provided by everyone i. e. all employees are potential instructors and students Kenya Commercial Bank has been selected due to its large size, presence and location across the re gions. In addition it has a use training centre at Karen (KCB Leadership Centre) from which courses are developed and imparted to staff. Training is seen as a fundamental and effectual instrument in self-made hitment of the banks goals and objectives.Training not only improves staff resource richly, but also gives staff a chance to learn their job virtually and perform it more competently hence increasing banks productivity. The ultimate implication of staff training can be noted in the banks bottom line. A study to evaluate the effect of training on staff productivity at KCB is hence necessary. Significance of the Study This study aims to explore the effect of training on staff productivity in Kenyan banks. KCB The study will interchange the understanding between perception and expectations as well as improve the knowledge of staff productivity by banks.Further it will address the fundamental aspect of the correlation that necessitates KCB to undertake training to improve the productivity of its staff. Scholars This research will provide information to scholars as well as form a basis for further research to be conducted, here in Kenya as well as world-wide, regarding the effect of training on staff productivity in Kenyan banks. Assumptions The following is assumed 1) any staff will be available for interviews. 2) Respondents are truthful when responding to questions on the survey. 3) Training is a pressing issue for many staff. LimitationsThe limitations faced or anticipate are First, due to the study limiting itself to one bank, the generalization of results can be challenged. Secondly, even though there will be a concentrated effort to get the questionnaire into the hands of all staff, there is no guarantee that the individuals will demonstrablely receive and complete the questionnaires. Lastly, due to locations of some KCB branches, some of the data collection instruments will be sent via netmail or sent by parcel to the branches, thereby comprom ising on time taken to process the corresponding. Definition of Terms, abbreviations and acronyms KCBKenya Commercial BankTraining A process dealing primarily with transferring or obtaining knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to carry out a specific activity or task. Chapter Summary This chapter covered the background of the research, the problem statement, the purpose of the study or general objectives of this research, the research questions, the significance and cooking stove of the research i. e. importance of the study and the definitions of Terminologies used in this research. In chapter two, I will review relevant literature that will help build on the variables and data collection methods to be used in the study. CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The chapter will review relevant literature on the effect of training on staff productivity at Kenya Commercial Bank. In order to have an in depth knowledge on the personal effects of employee training on employee prod uctivity, the chapter provides relevant literature in the field of study. The archetypal part provides an overview of training the next part examines theoretical framework and effects of employee training on employee productivity. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) noted that literature review involves critical review of what previous work in relation to the research problem universe investigated.They argue that a properly done literature review should be extensive and thorough so as to provide the researcher with an adequate base for his or her work. I hope this literature review meets their honored standards. Theoretical Framework Human Capital Theory Human crown theory as formalized by Becker and Gerhart (1996) is the dominant perspective on on-the-job training. This theory views training as an investment it raises expected future day productivity but at a cost. The key distinguishing feature of a human capital investment as opposed to an investment in capital concerns property right s.A machine can be sold, but in modern society, men cannot. As individuals have the discretion over the deployment of their own human capital, workers and firms will need to agree on an exchange in the labor market. This implies that how the costs and returns to training are shared between workers and firms is a central concern in the on-the-job training literature. Human capital theory has been further developed in the 1970s to explain the life-cycle flesh of earnings. This literature analyses the human capital investment decision of individuals in a competitive environment.One may argue that, in this model, the distinction between education and training is an artificial one. Workers choose the investment as a function of prices (and ability). Through these prices, the demand side enters. There is no strategic fundamental interaction between workers and firms. Weiss (1985) surveys this literature. In the set-back of the 1990s, the new field of economics of information resulted in applications to on-the-job training. Recent developments in the training literature focus on the strategic interaction between employers and employees, and as such stands isolated from life-cycle theories of earnings.The focus is on market imperfections and information asymmetries. This review restricts itself to the core of private sector training theory. The reason for this focus is the scattered nature of this literature. The studies in this field differ in many modeling assumptions that complicate comparison. Yet, some common themes can be distinguished. The outgrowth major attempt to apply learning theory to educational technology was Skinner? s development of teaching machines, (Skinner, 1968). His idea was to develop curricula at such a level of detail that a learner could learn without error.The learner, his theory held, never fully recovers from making errors once made, there remains a possibility that they will recur to disrupt future learning and performance. Consequen tly, effective instruction should implore only correct responses. He was critical of traditional teaching methods because they lots engender errors in learning, and because they fail to reinforce behaviour effectively. On his theory, damaging reinforcement (e. g. criticism, punishment) was to be avoided. Only positive reinforcement is theoretically sound, and this must be administrated according to specific schedules to ensure effective learning.For instance, as new responses are shaped up, reinforcement should be withdrawn. Mechanical presentation of the plan seemed an ideal way for teaching since a perfect schedule of defining and reinforcement could be built into the teaching programme. Kirkpatricks learning and training evaluation theory Donald Kirkpatricks 1994 book Evaluating Training Programs defined his originally published ideas of 1959, thereby further increasing awareness of them, so that his theory has now pay off arguably the most widely used and popular model for the evaluation of training and learning.Kirkpatricks four-level model is now considered an industry standard across the Human imagery and training communities. The four levels of Kirkpatricks evaluation model essentially measure (1) reaction of student what they thought and felt about the training and the reaction evaluation is how the delegates felt about the training or learning experience. (2) instruction the resulting increase in knowledge or capability, to assess whether the learning objectives of the program are met.Learning evaluation is the measurement of the increase in knowledge or intellectual capability from before, to after the learning experience Whether the trainees learnt what they expected to be taught (3) behavior The extent of behavior and capability improvement and implementation or application. Behavior evaluation is the extent to which the trainees applied the learning and changed their behavior, and this can be immediately or several months after the tra ining, depending on the situation (the extent of applied learning back on the job. 4) Results the effects on the business or environment resulting from the trainees performance. Results evaluation is the effect on the business or environment resulting from the improved performance of the trainee. This involves the organizational impact in terms of improved quality of work, increase output etc. It is the acid test. All these measures are recommended for full and meaningful evaluation of learning in organizations, although their application broadly increases in complexity, and unremarkably cost, through the levels from level 1-4.Effects of Training on Employee Productivity Research has shown that leadership training for executives and middle managers results in increased worker productivity (Barling, Weber, & Kelloway, 1996). Leadership development training could have the same benefits if given to the rest of the workforce (IIE Solutions, 1999). Leadership development, supervisory s kills, and teamwork training often rank as the most important and most hauntly offered training topics in corporations.With the amount of money budgeted for training increasing every year and the marketplace becoming more global and competitive, it is imperative that the money fatigued on training is utilized to the fullest extent possible (IIE Solutions, 1999). concord to Kapp (1999), manufacturing firms implementing training programs can expect an average gain of 17% in manufacturing productivity. Companies must understand that training is portable that is, the knowledge imparted to employees will leave with the employee, and so benefiting another company. This also allows new employees to bring with them the knowledge ained from previous training programs. It is from this bandstand that a company must manage its training program to identify the skill sets needed to increase problem solving for the present needs of the business (Miller, 1997). If gains in manufacturing produc tivity are achieved through the delivery of leadership training to traditional leadership groups, can similar gains be achieved in the banking industry by providing the same training to employees? Training and Employee performance People needing training can be classified in different ways. There is a distinction between novice users and expert users.They can also be classified through their educational backgrounds, or through their current employment position. Whatever way trainees are classified, they all have different needs. It is important, when choosing a training method, to identify who is to be trained. Novice users may be computer-shy or technology-intimidated and may need personal attention. Experts may need little attention and may be bored with basic information, and therefore dampening the desire to learn. According to Campbell (2000), educational background information is important.He also says that for people with little education, structure in learning is important. Employee position is important as well. Senior management may not have the time to at operate group training or may have frequent distractions. The issue of self-esteem may also be a factor. soulfulness high in the ranks may not want to appear soft-witted to his counterparts by asking a question in group training. The explanation contributed by the knowledge management approach would be that training provides employees with the knowledge, abilities and skills required by the position.In fact, Hitt, Ireland, Camp and Sexton (2001) found that training investment first generates a negative effect on results (deriving from the cost of the same), which later constitute positive, as far as the transfer of knowledge to the post is concerned. This effect can also be explained by taking into consideration that if employees savvy that the organisation is enkindle in training them and giving them confidence and intends to count on them in the long-term future, they will make more effort and be more effective in their work.Training would be an important element in generating human capital. This argument is defended by Tzafrir (2005), who considers that investment in training can make employees feel indebted to the company. From a universal viewpoint some authors have argued that it is precisely in training that a great universal effect than in other human resource practices can be seen. This is how it was noted by leeward et al. (2005) who highlight the fact that, of the 16 best practices studied by Pfeffer (1994), training is one of the few practices where a consistent, positive impact on performance is found.The study carried out by Koch and McGrath (1996) does not directly analyze the relationship of training with performance instead, it uses a personnel development index that showed a slightly significant effect on work productivity, measured by net sales per employee. However, this development index only gathers information through the measurement of the numbe r of categories of jobs that receive formal training, which, to me, seems to be a very limited indicator of the training imparted by the company.In Huselid (1995) and Huselid, Jackson and Schuler (1997) investigation, something similar happens. The combination of human resource practices is used quite a than the training variable. In the first study, Huselid (1995) uses two factors to group the practices requiring a high level of commitment, the first of which designates employee and organized structure capabilities, including a wide range of practices aimed at developing the knowledge, abilities and capabilities of employees.However, we are given to understand that it incorporates very heterogeneous practices where training has a relative w viiiing, since only one of the eight factor items makes reference to training (the average number of training hours true by the employee in the last year). A greater effort in training measurement can be found in the work of Delaney and Huseli d (1996), who use a training index constructed from three items. The first records whether the company supplied some sort of training besides job position training, the second base how many workers participated in hese programmes and the ternary a subjective evaluation of training effectiveness. Its results suggest that high performance practices in human resource management that include contracting on a selective basis, with training and incentives, are positively related with measurements of perception of the organizations role. Training and Employee Commitment Training practices used by organizations may have an effect, direct or indirect on both employee motivation and organizational commitment (Meyer and Smith, 2000).Organizational commitment is defined, in the words of Aragon et al (2003) as the relative strength of an individuals acknowledgment and involvement in a particular organization. In order to equip their employees with the skills necessary to do their job, compani es train them, in an effort to optimize their workforces potential. round companies, planning for the long-term, invest in the development of new skills by their employees, so as to enable them to handle issues not currently present, but apt(predicate) to come up in the future.This kind of training can lead to high levels of motivation and commitment by the employees, who actually see the fortune they are given. These employees appreciation for the investment their organization is making in them is shown in their hard work and their contentment in being a member of that organization. Training, then, is expected to have a positive effect on both motivation and employee commitment Training Methods and Employee Productivity It is readily acknowledged that individuals tend to learn differently based on preferred styluss of teaching (Chambers, 2005).Since these teaching styles impact the way individuals learn, training sessions could be extended by calculative the content to bung into each of the three different styles, thus sympathetic to a broad scope of disparate learning styles. For example, visual learners tend to process and recall information best when it is presented in a way that they can easily see the information. This can be achieved through the use of hand-outs, PowerPoint slides including pertinent information, and also other forms of multimedia such as videos or computer-based simulations.Auditory learners, by comparison, process information from more of a listening perspective. Consequently, training can be augmented to focus on this preferred style by frequent descriptions of the pertinent information. This can easily be terminated by verbalizing the content in handouts and PowerPoint presentations. Further augmentation can be achieved by allowing trainees to discuss important content in petty(a) group settings. The third learning style, kinesthetic, includes individuals who learn best by physically doing something.Augmenting training to tap into this learning style requires the trainer to design exercises and activities that allow the learner to be physically engaged in learning. For example, a training session on team work may include an exercise where groups, workings as a team, actually work jointly to accomplish some small task. One such exercise requires groups to identify some symbol they ofttimes associate with the idea of teams and then to work within their groups to construct their symbol using modeling clay.This provides both visual and tactile reinforcement associated with the concepts covered in the training. Following this exercise, further discussion can reiterate important aspects of teamwork that were discussed in the training session, further reinforcing the material (Huselid, 1995). On-The- commerce Training Methods The purpose of the on-the-job training session is to provide employee with task-specific knowledge and skills in work area. The knowledge and skills presented during on-the-job are di rectly related to job requirements.Job instruction technique, job rotary motion, coaching and apprenticeship training are the common forms of on-the job training methods. Employees professional quality is the key of bank services, the rules and principles of work are taught in this kind of training, besides, courtesy, manners and techniques of handling interpersonal relations are taught as well. This kind of training aims to train employees to learn the best way to do the work in the most quickly and effective way (Walker, 2007). Job Instruction TrainingThis is a structured approach to training, which requires trainees to proceed through a series of steps in sequential pattern. The technique uses behavioral strategy with a focus on skill development, but there are usually some factual and procedural knowledge objectives as well. This type of training is good for task oriented duties such as operational equipment. The instructor or supervisor prepares a job breakdown on the job, wh ile watching an see worker perform each step of the job.Job instruction technique consists of four steps, preparation, present, try out and follow up (Blandchard & Thacker, 1999). Job Rotation This is the positive movement of employees from job to job or project to project within an organization, as a way to achieve various different human resources objectives such as simply staffing jobs, point new employees, preventing job boredom or burnout, rewarding employees, enhancing career development, exposing employees to different environments (Woods, 1995).Excellent job rotation program can decrease the training costs while increases the impact of training, because job rotation is a hand on experience. Job rotation makes individuals more self-motivated, flexible, adaptable, innovative, eager to learn and able to give notice (of) effectively. One of the possible problems with the rotation programs is the cost, because job rotation increases the amount of management time to spend on lower level employees. It may increase the workload and decrease the productivity for the rotating employees manager and for other employees.Job rotation may be especially valuable for organizations that require firm-specific skills because it provides an incentive to organizations to push from within (Jerris, 1999). Coaching This is the process of one-on-one guidance and instruction to improve knowledge, skills and work performance. Coaching is becoming a very popular means of development, and often includes working one-on-one with the learner to conduct a needs assessment, set major goals to accomplish, develop an action plan, and support the learner to accomplish the plan.The learner drives these activities and the coach provides continuing feedback and support (DOE Handbook1074, 1995). Usually coaching is say at employees with performance deficiencies, but also used as a motivational tool for those acting well. Coaching methods solve precise problems such as communication, ti me management and social skills. Executive coaching by and large takes place on a monthly basis and continues over a period of several years. Often, coaches are brought in where there is a change in the structure of the company, when a team or individual is not performing well or where new skills are required.Coaching assumes that you are fine but could be even better (Kirwan, 2000). Apprenticeship This is one of the oldest forms of training which is designed to provide planned, practical instruction over a significant time span. Apprenticeship was the major approach to learning a craft. The apprentice worked with a recognised master craft person (McNamara, 2000). Training and Employee Effectiveness Analysis from the beginning is definitely needed for training to be effective. The effectiveness of training is usually measured through user performance (Yi & Davis, 2001).They introduces the idea of training rigor which assess the performance of trainees in relation to the criteria s et by the training. Training must always be evaluated with respect to both its immediate and long term impacts (Patton & Marlow, 2002). It starts from the training experience to the training outcome. The training experience includes the actual training and the immediate effects of the training based on performance. Training outcomes are the long term effects of the training (Carroll and Rosson). Researchers who have analyze the impact of type of firm and firm size n employee training examined the training budget as the dependent variable Hitt et al (2001). A variety of training programs (in particular, informal training programs such as on-the-job training, job rotation, and apprenticeships) not usually included in the training budget were not considered, as though skills and knowledge acquired through these training programs are not relevant. Sirmon and Hitt (2003) drew attention to the importance of informal training to skill and knowledge acquisition in small firms.In spite of th e fact that in the real entrepreneurial world only a small number of companies measure the impact of training on the results (Koch & McGrath, 1996) several authors suggest that training is an instrument that makes the generation and accumulation of human capital possible. Training ensures that greater efficiency is achieved through the production of goods and services with a realistic profit margin in so doing the organization is assured of its survival in the market and in the sector as a whole (Huselid, 1995).Given evidence that the support from peers in a training venue can impact the overall effectiveness of the learning (Armstrong, 1998). It might be beneficial to augment training by providing contact information on other training participants, encouraging trainees to communicate and interact following the training session. This could be done on strictly a voluntary basis where trainees could be asked to provide contact information to be listed on a roster of participants, thus minimizing potentially offending those wishing to keep their contact information private.This information could be obtained prior to the training session and then the roster could be distributed during the session. In addition to obtaining contact information, trainers could also ask participants to voluntarily provide information related to key knowledge and skills that may further enhance the likelihood that trainees would contact others for the purpose of networking or benchmarking.The perceived importance of training to improvements in productivity, sustained competitive advantage, and ultimately to firm performance has led governments in various countries to invest considerable resources into programs that encourage management and employee training in enterprises (Patton and Marlow, 2002). It is believed that training is a powerful agent to development of capabilities and to growth and profitability of the firm (Armstrong, 1998).Koch and McGrath (1996) argued that firms that i nvest in employee training engage in formal performance appraisal, and link these to incentive compensation are in all likelihood to have lower employee turnover, higher productivity, and enhanced financial performance. Cosh, Duncan and Hughes (1997) suggested that training would enhance the survival rate of small firms. Similarly, Delaney and Huselid (1996) noted that the most successful firms provide employees more training than average. Ford and Wroten (1984) established a link between employee training and superior firm performance.In addition, small business failure has been think to poor management skills. It is argued that management training should greatly improve firm survival and performance (Ford & Wroten, 1984). Macrae (1991) established that major distinguishing factors between high-growth and low-growth small firms are the education, training, and experience of their senior managers. The existing literature tends to focus on management training (Heneman, Tansky & Cam p, 2000) to the exclusion of other forms of employee training.Few researchers have investigated the determinants of training in organizations and in all cases the dependent variable-trainingwas measured by a single variable, the training budget. Because informal training is often not accounted for in the firms books, the literature tends to be biased toward formal training. Employee training and development is an important programme that promotes employees in an organizational set up. The need for manpower development programmes cannot be overemphasized, as the application of acquired skills will go along way to ensure effective productivity in a world of work.Many employees have failed in organizations because of lack of basic training which was not identified and provided for as an indispensable part of management function (Nwachukwu, 1988). As such, for an organization to realize the full potential of its employees, adequate employee training is necessary to ensure that the organ ization realizes its objectives. Olaniyan and Ojo (2008) note that training physically, socially, intellectually and mentally are very essential in facilitating not only the level of productivity but also the development of personnel in any organization.The authors define training as a systematic development of knowledge, skills and attitudes required by employees to perform adequately on a given task or job. New entrants into organizations have various skills, though not all are relevant to organizational needs. Training and development are required for staff to enable them work towards taking the organization to its expected destination. Training Quality and Performance Employee performance is an important construct block of an organization and factors which lay the foundation for high performance must be analyzed by the organizations.Since every organization cannot progress by one or two individuals effort, it is collective effort of all the members of the organization. Performa nce is a major multidimensional construct aimed to achieve results and has a strong link to strategic goals of an organization (Mwita, 2000). Managers at all the levels have to input their efforts and make maximum use of their abilities which sometimes are produced under supervision or without it. However, there are many expectations from managers working for an organization.These expectations are sometimes fulfilled but in some situations these managers may be running to their boss for guidance. Therefore, the managers must be developed so that they can think and work on their own and fulfill their responsibilities innovatively, while understanding and foreseeing the market and business situations. Consequently question arises that how an employee can work more efficiently and effectively to increase the productivity and growth of an organization.William Edward Deming, one of the quality Gurus defines quality as a predictable degree of agreement and dependability at low costs and suitable to the market, he advises that an organisation should focus on the improvement of the process as the system rather than the work is the cause of production variation (Heyes, 2000) Many service organisations have embraced this approach of quality assurance by checking on the systems and processes used to deliver the end product to the consumer.Essentially this checks on pre-sale activities which encompass the advice and guidance given to a prospective thickening, customer communications ( how well the customers are informed of the products and services, whether there are any consultancy services provided to help the customers assess their needs and any help line available for ease of access to information on products), the speed of handling a clients transactions and touch of claims, the speed of handling customers calls and the number of calls abandoned or not answered, on the selling point of Products/Services a customer would be interested to know about the opening hour s of the organization, the convenience of the location and such issues (Lee, Lee & Pennings, 2005). This is only possible when employees are well trained and developed to ensure sustainability of the same.Heyes (2000) stated that an organization should commit its resources to a training activity only if, in the best judgment of managers, the training can be expected to achieve some results other than measure uping employee behaviour. It must support some organizational and goals, such as more efficient producer or dispersion of goods and services, product operating costs, improved quality or more efficient personal relations is the modification of employees behaviour affected through training should be aimed at supporting organization objectives. According to Armstrong and Baron (2005) all organizations are concerned with what should be done to achieve sustainable high levels of performance through people. This means giving close attention on how individual can best be motivated t hrough such means as incentives, rewards, leadership and training.The aim is to develop motivation processes and work environment that will help to ensure that individuals deliver results in agreement with the expectation of management. For current employees whose job performance is not satisfactory. It may be that some type of additional training can help to bring them up to pair. Such training needs may be experienced with employees or with group of employees or individual who need additional training it is necessary to determine what they need. According to Heyes (2000), Training can only add value results if there is an opportunity for added value. Either the business is not performing effectively because people are not performing, or there is a market opportunity, which can be exploited but requires some new training or development.Training ensures that greater efficiency is achieved through the production of goods and services with a realistic profit margin in so doing the or ganization is assured of its survival in the market and in the sector as a whole (Tzafrir, 2005). The quality of employees and their development through training are major factors in determining long-term profitability and optimum performance of organizations. To hire and keep quality employees, it is good policy to invest in the development of their skills, knowledge and abilities so that individual and ultimately organizational productivity can increase. Traditionally, training is given to new employees only. This is a mistake as ongoing training for existing employees helps them adjust rapidly to changing job requirements.Organizations that are committed to quality invest in training of its employees (Evans & Lindsay 1999). According to Evans and Lindsay (1999), Xerox Business Products and Systems invest over $125 million in quality training. Motorola & Texas Instruments provide at least 40 hours of training to every employee quarterly. A complete employee training program includ es a formal new hire training program with an overview of the job expectations and performance skills needed to perform the job functions (Odekunle, 2001). A new hire training program provides a fundamental understanding of the position and how the position fits within the organizational structure.The more background knowledge the new associate has about how one workgroup interrelates with subsidiary departments, the more the new associate will understand his or her impact on the organization. Models for Measuring the Effectiveness of Training Measuring the training effectiveness should be an important asset for the organizations. There are some criteria for quantity the success of training direct cost, indirect cost, efficiency, performance to schedule, reactions, learning, behavior change, performance change (Sheppard, 1999). The Kirkpatricks Four direct Approach It was created by Donald Kirkpatrick in 1959, at the time he was a professor of marketing at the University of Wisco nsin.It is still one of the most widely used approaches. His four level of evaluation are reaction a measure of satisfaction, learning a measure of learning, behavior a measure of behavior change and results- a measure of results (Phillips, 199739). Kirkpatrick model is now nearly 45 years old. Its beautiful simplicity has caused it to be the most widely used methods of evaluation training programs. ASTDs (American Society for Training Development) survey, which reports feedback from almost 300 Human Resource executives and managers, revealed that 67% of organizations that conduct evaluations use the Kirkpatrick model (Stone and Watson, 1999). Table 2. Kirkpatrick Four Levels of paygrade Level 1 Reaction Were the participants pleased? What do they plan to do with what they learned? Level 2 Learning What skills, knowledge, or attitudes have change? By how much? Level 3 Behavior Did the participants change their behavior based on what was learned in the program? Level 4 Results Did the change in behavior positively affect the organization? Resource Stone J. and Watson V. , (1999), Evaluation of Trainig, www. ispi-atlanta. org Kaufmans Five Level of Evaluation Some researchers, recognizing some shortcomings of Kirkpatricks four level approach, have attempted to modify and add to this basic framework. Kaufman offers one such presentation. Kaufman has expanded the definition of Level 1 and added a fifth level addressing societal issues (Philips, 199740). At level 1, the factor of the concept enabling addresses the availability of various resource inputs necessary for a successful intervention.At Level 5 is the evaluation of societal and client responsiveness, and consequences in payoff. This moves ev